Genetic Defects in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

Abstract: The main goal of this paper is to explain what Cystic Fibrosis is and also to explain what the causes of Cystic Fibrosis are. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene called Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Cystic Fibrosis is known as one of the most common life-shortening disease. More that 1,000 mutations in the CFTR gene have been found in people with Cystic Fibrosis. Most of these mutations change single protein amino acids in the CFTR protein and it deletes a small amount of DNA from the CFTR gene. I am going to explain what happens when the CFTR proteins is functioning normally and when it is diseased. Introduction: What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the exocrine gland of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure. Thick mucus and less competent immune system are the results for lung infection. Less secretion of the pancreatic enzymes is the main cause of fatty diarrhea, poor growth, and the lack in fat-soluble vitamins [1]. So far there is no cure for cystic fibrosis. In the United States 1 in 3,900 children are born with Cystic Fibrosis. Most of the people who have CF die at young age, many of them in their 20s and 30s due to lung failure, but with the introduction of new treatments the life of persons with CF is increasing to ages as high as 40 or 50[1]. Results: Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a defect in the gene called Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) [2]. The gene makes a protein that controls the water and salt that come in and out of cells. When the protein is working normally the body produces mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and dig... ...inhaling antibiotics that are used to treat chronic and acute affections. [1]. Lung transplantation has become increasingly common for people wit Cystic Fibrosis. Liver transplant have also been successfully with patient with end of liver disease. Scientist are trying to find a way to keep the ion channel open longer in order to allow more time for ion exchange. A few attempts of gene therapy were successful, but failed to produce a long term result [6]. Literature Cited: www.Wikipedia.org [1] www.Chronicillness.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_causes_cystic_fibrosis[2] www.ghr.nml.nih.gov/condition=congenitalbilateralabsenceofthevasdefiniton[3] www.ionchannels.org [4] www.google.com/images [5] www.respiratory-lung.health-cares.net/cystic-fibrosis-complications.php [6] http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/cftr.shtml [7]

Pay It Forward Essay

Pay It Forward An act of kindness can develop values for both the person receiving the aid and the person offering the support as well as community development. In this summary key points are discussed on altruism. The summary stems from an act of kindness, which was conducted by the author as a student of Capstone Course in Psychology/Psy 490. I presented money to a person who needed money for his or her next meal, without expecting anything in return. A person does not realize the degree of emotions involved in experiencing need nor true concern until he or she begins to offer support with no desire of reward. Altruism, Personal and Professional Social Responsibility, and Codependency Altruism is the act of aiding another without thought of self or reward. Altruism is also the moral obligation to help others (Myers, 2008). These are selfless acts, which grant something to someone else; the ego also desires to develop a responsible identity of self. People also need to identify with personal and professional social responsibility to become mature individuals. According to Chickering and Braskamp (2009), â€Å"a civic and moral identity and sense of obligation to society are more apt to behave in ways, which fulfill individual and social responsibilities† (p. 27). When we cannot fulfill our desires of responsibility codependency can become a reactionary problem where individuals react to problems, pains, lives, and behaviors of themselves and others instead of acting in ways, which are adaptive (Morgan, 1991, p. 724). Applying Altruism to Psychology or Psychological Principles Psychological principles are designed to follow the Code of Conduct and its principles. Psychology practices ethical and humane practices within research as well as promoting mental health. The Code of Conduct is followed strictly by professionals of psychology to uphold the rights of consumers, and to offer help to many of life’s problems. Although psychological approaches are not always acts of giving with no reward, many consumers view psychological interventions as acts of moral obligation. Professionals possess personal and social responsibilities to those in need in the communities. Altruism as it Improves the Human Condition Helping others with no desire for reward is beneficial for the human condition. Performing the act of kindness of providing money for food to someone in need helped to build moral character for both parties involved. The person in need, perhaps has gained knowledge he or she is not alone and others do care about what happens to him or her. The person receiving the gift may reciprocate the act by searching for jobs or applying for social support. The person giving the gift has become responsible to help others; this act can lead to bigger acts in the community of aid to others. Many people in the community practicing altruism can be beneficial in teaching social responsibility to others. In such efforts to promote altruism limits exist in persuading others to become responsible in the plight. Personal and Professional Responsibilities Related to Altruism Altruism is a moral obligation or duty to help others. Responsible individuals are obligated to help those in need, and help provide the direction so he or she may learn independence and responsibility. Psychological professions must uphold a moral character for the reputation of psychology whereas always striving to help clients and patients with social problems. The Future of Psychology in Contemporary Society Society will become more responsible because of psychological interventions. Those individuals who have developed personal and social responsibilities will help others to learn to help themselves. Human society is full of problems, societies’ members cannot expect others not to receive help for their problems. Psychology will play the role of meeting these problems with professional attitudes and awareness. New interventions to promote stronger individual experiences will come from psychology. Altruism will help to mold a society, which eventually will be self-sufficient. Conclusion In conclusion, altruism is a selflessness motive to help others, which can promote betterment for society and lead to personal and social responsibility. Human identity formation must be enriched by experiences, knowledge, and insight or reactionary problems such as codependency can occur. Personal and professional responsibilities to altruism should be conducted without obligation and with awareness of respect and competence. The benefits of altruism to the human condition are immense. Trust and integrity can be learned from acts of kindness. Persons and professionals should always engage altruistic acts for the betterment of social avenues. Psychology’s concepts of preserving future experiences will rely on altruistic codes to promote a healthy future for each member of communities. References Chickering, A., & Braskamp, L. A. (2009). Developing a global perspective for personal and social responsibility. Peer Review, 11(4), 27-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216586612?accountid=458 Morgan, J. (1991). What is codependency? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 720-729. Myers, D. G. (2008). Social psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Waituiwa Lodge - 1358 Words

Waituiwa Lodge Waituiwa Lodge is an exclusive getaway located in New Zealand’s South Island with a going price of NZ$700 (approximately US$516) per night that offers various outdoor activities designed to attract the richest and most prestigious people in the world. The main appeal of the lodge is its extraordinary seclusion, providing elite with privacy that they require. While the company has shown success in their strategies, they are currently facing dissension from the locals about their exclusivity, offering services primarily targeted for the male population, and using promotion strategies that may not sustain long-term customer loyalty. Waituiwa Lodge’s Marketing Strategy: * Target market: Wealthy elite who enjoy traveling†¦show more content†¦Keep the price the same (+) remain an inexpensive high-end getaway, maintain current level of operation and clientele (-) may attract people outside of the target market, making the location less attractive to the desired target market Promotion options: 1. Change the promotion strategy to include personal selling, advertising and sales promotion (+) attract more customers to the facility, position the brand how owners want it to be seen, increase awareness of the lodge (-) more expensive to include paid promotion strategies, reduces exclusivity of the lodge, requires market research which may result in additional outside cost 2. Maintain current promotion strategy (+) no additional costs incurred, maintains exclusivity of the lodge, no need for market research (-) cannot control negative publicity, word of mouth may be short-lived therefore limiting customer expansion and sustainable growth Community outreach options: 1. Donate a percentage of net profit to a local conservation society or other local cause (+) enhance community relations while assuaging negative feedback from locals (-) profit loss, does not guarantee local support/problem alleviation 2. Opening the lodge to locals at a discounted price during off-peak (+) would possibly silence complaints of locals not being able to access the lodge and

An Interview with F. Scott Fitzgerald - 964 Words

DailyTimes Newspaper F Scott Fitzgerald has been one of the most recognizable authors out there today. Many people admire his work, but he’s hard to catch and follow due to his busy schedule and personal lifestyle being an alcoholic. On the 19th of November 1925 I was given a chance to meet up with F. Scott Fitzgerald, to discuss about the eminent novel written by him â€Å"The Great Gatsby† at his house in Los Angeles. The books about a poor turned wealthy man, Gatsby and his attempt on getting his past lover back. What you’re about to read is one of the first few interviews ever with Mr. Fitzgerald in person. Below is the transcript of that interview. Andy Swenson: Good evening Mr. Fitzgerald thank you for letting me in, how are you doing?†¦show more content†¦I position the characters in the novel to represent these socials trends. Meyer Wolfshiem and Gatsby’s fortune also symbolizes the ascension of organized crime and bootlegging. Andy Swenson: What are some other key themes found in the novel? F Scott Fitzgerald: It depends on the readers interpretation but for me personally its Love and Class, both of theses played a huge role in the book. I view love as a foolish thing and I showed this in the novel by the use of the main character â€Å"Jay Gatsby†. He fell in love with Daisy which made him look like a fool because Daisy is already with Tom. Class brings me back to the American Dream, which does not exist since we’re all who we are when we’re born. Changing class can lead to tragedy which could be pretty grim for people in World War 1. Andy Swenson: Thank you very much Mr. Fitzgerald it’s an honor to finally meet you, have a great day F Scott Fitzgerald: No problem, thank you for the interview and have a great day too Word Count: 914 Rationale For this unit, I’ve decided to do an interview transcript of an interview with F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author of the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. For my task, there’s 9 questions in total, the question varies from themes to setting and even his very own personal life. The interview transcript is based around the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is considered to be the supreme American novel which explores many differentShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jazz by Toni Morrison 647 Words   |  3 Pagesnovels by distinguished authors have managed to start this new concept of â€Å"historical fiction†. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jazz by Toni Morrison are two literary novels that pioneered the movement of historical realism in fiction as well as influenced literary writing styles and United States culture for generations following their creation. Although F. 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Scott Fitzgerald1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn one interview, Baz Luhrmann said that he wanted to â€Å"hold up a mirror to his audience, but from another time because people would be more willing to accept it† and this is exactly what The Great Gatsby does. No one likes to be criticised however by placing this message underneath the extraordinary gifts of hope and the American dream, Fitzgerald has presented humanity’s social weaknesses in a way can be recognised by the public to encourage change. There is much speculation as to whether TheRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3492 Words   |  14 Pages The Great Gatsby Reimagined For Today’s Society The Great Gatsby (1925), the first novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, takes place during prohibition. As depicted in the novel, jazz and alcohol made the culture in the early 20th century feel alive. The novel communicates how the culture was in New York City and why the main character Jay Gatsby held parties so he could see his beloved debutante, Daisy Buchanan. But more importantly, the audience becomes more connected to the film entirelyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1468 Words   |  6 Pagesearn more money. With all of this money, they began to buy consumer goods- cars, radios, telephones, etc. The 1920’s filled with money, and love. Conquering everyone s mind, wanting to become rich and famous. The novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the movie Chicago directed by Rob Marshall, were two of one most influenced artistry to illustrate an example of how it was during this time era. The Great Gatsby, a novel of not only a love so run-down, but a time where having money wasRead MoreThe Truth Lies Of Lying1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is also a high possibility that the defendant is innocent and saying some lie to save themselves from more torture. 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Shouldnt Professional Athletes Benefit from Advances in...

Shouldn’t Professional Athletes Benefit From Advances in Medicine? Today’s professional sports society is full of hypocrisy. We want â€Å"superstars†, super performances and elite play. We’re always looking for the next Michael Jordan, Babe Ruth or Joe Montana or someone to do something never done before. Millions of people turn on the TV to watch the Olympics to see if someone will run faster, jump higher, swim faster, or do countless other amazing feats. Fans fill up stadiums that seat over 100k people, just to be entertained and hopefully see something dramatic or beyond belief. The pressure for professional athletes to perform at an extremely high level is astronomical. So why does the professional sport’s society and fans want to†¦show more content†¦Consequently they get frustrated with the rules applied to PED use. The history of athletes using performance enhancers can be traced back to the days of the first Olympic athletes. The ancient Olympians in 770 BC-393 BC would do things that today we would call cheating, but were acceptable for them. Evidence showed they would drink wine potions, use hallucinogens and even experiment with herbal medications all in an effort to enhance their performances (Jenkins). These kinds of practices continued all the way until the early 1900’s when the first substances were banned by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IIAF). This evidence shows that even in the infant stages of sports, athletes have always tried to find things to take their performance to the next level, but were never looked upon as breaking the rules. Now that we know what performance enhancing drugs are, what are the benefits for professional athletes who choose to use them? PED’s can increase a body’s strength, power, speed, and/or endurance by changing the body’s composition through muscle building. PED’s such as caffeine help athletes remain focu sed. 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Effects of Alcohol on the Family free essay sample

Alcohol Dependence, also known as alcoholism, is a very widespread disabling addictive disorder, affecting 4% of Canadians. Alcoholism may start innocuously, due to the acceptability of social drinking, but over time, can lead to serious health problems, including brain, kidney and liver damage. Although alcoholics seem to be doing the most damage to themselves, they are hurting their families even more. Lesser-known, but just as serious victims of alcohol abuse are the alcoholics’ children. The negative effects start in the womb, where drinking during pregnancy often causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and other defects.After the baby is born, the risks continue, as the children in alcoholic families tend to lack a stable family environment and have a fairly high rate of abuse. These factors, as well as genetic predisposition, are strong precedents to the child developing alcohol abuse problems themselves. These children also tend to show more symptoms of anxiety and depression, and have lower self esteem than children from nonalcoholic families. These factors may also contribute to the likelihood of the child becoming an alcoholic. When a few drinks has turned into a few too many, a few too many times, some may start to suspect alcoholism.This is often how alcohol abuse starts, with acceptable social drinking increasing to the point where the drinker can no longer control their desire and compulsion to drink. Drinking too much alcohol over a long period changes the chemical balance in the brain linked to pleasure, causing the body to crave alcohol. Symptoms of alcoholism are frequent intoxication; drinking and continuing to drink alcohol in appropriate places and times; and often, denial of the problem. Due to the legality and availability of alcohol, it can be very difficult to quit or help another quit drinking, which can result in long-term alcohol abuse.When one has been abusing alcohol for long periods of time, it can cause a number of mental and physical problems, including, but not limited to liver damage, kidney dam age, heart disease, alcoholic dementia, brain damage, and a myriad of psychological problems. Alcoholism also comes with a variety of comorbid disorders, most commonly major depressive disorder, and anxiety related disorders (Petrakis, 86). The order of the co-occurrence is not always clear; whether these disorders resulted from the alcoholism, or whether the alcoholism was triggered by the disorders varies accordingly, ut regardless, the alcoholic has a much better chance of recovery if both problems are treated together. (Medline Plus) Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been found to increase health risks to the fetus, especially after the first trimester. Any amount of alcohol may harm a developing baby, no ‘safe amount’ has yet been established; however the more alcohol consumed by an expectant mother, the higher the risks are of the baby developing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, or FAS. FAS is a series of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus during pregnancy if the mother has been drinking.The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependenc e states that approximately 5000 babies are born each year with severe FAS, and another 35000 are born with milder symptoms. If an alcoholic woman’s first child has FAS, the risk of her second child having FAS as well is a daunting 70%. The range of birth defects caused by FAS can be minor to major, and are nearly always long term. The infant will be born underweight and with an alcohol dependency. A detox period will follow birth, sometimes lasting for up to several months.These babies tend to have brain and skull deformities, and can have very distinctive facial features, such as small eye openings, thin upper lips, and long, flat faces. (Dozois, and Firestone 249-262) (Davis, and Frost 100-101) As the baby grows, learning problems that will keep the child from progressing normally may become apparent. FAS can cause damage to the central nervous system, which may result in severe learning disabilities. Due to this, the child may have problems learning to walk, being able to sleep, and focusing on motor skills; and have speech problems, hearing impairment, and decreased memory recall. They may have low self-esteem, be hyperactive, and be easily angered or frustrated. Mild or severe retardation, emotional issues, the inability to bond and communicate with other children their age are common traits for a child who suffers from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. It often results in lower and overall academic performance (compared to non-FAS children), and difficulties in reading, writing, spelling, and mathematics. (Dozois, and Firestone 254) Another side effect of alcoholism in the family is the lack of a stable family environment.Alcohol has been known to negatively affect marital relationships, breaking up families, be the cause of suicide, result in unemployment and poverty, and cause or exacerbate child abuse. Over 3 times as many people report to have been previously married to an alcoholic, compared to those currently married to an alcoholic, demonstrating that relationships involving alcohol abuse are less likely to last than sober relationships. Often, if one parent is an alcoholic and the other is not, the sober partner feels that the drinking takes precedence over them and their family. This strongly affects couples with children, as they may effectively lose either parent, or end up being shuttled between them. Worse than losing a parent to divorce is the reality of losing a parent to suicide. The relationship between alcoholism and suicide is very clear, and has been well-documented. Alcohol is a depressant, and can bring on episodes of major depressive disorder. Alcohol abuse is often either self-medication for depression, or the cause of alcoholic depression.Often, alcoholic depression is a combination of the two, a vicious cycle of triggering and self-medicating that worsens one’s emotional state. This despair, combined with possible unemployment; marital, family, and financial problems; and declining health due to drinking, results in more drinking to ‘drink away’ the issues, which can push one over the edge and cause them to take their own life. (Alcoholic. ca) Even if both parents are alive and present in a child’s life, they may not always be the responsible adults and parents they are expected to be.Many severely alcoholic parents are not able to attend to and fulfill their child’s physical and emotional needs, and some may even require the child to prematurely assume the role of the parent and take care of the adult. They may be emotionally and financially supported by their children in cases where their alcoholism is too severe for them to be self-reliant and hold a steady job. If there are younger siblings, the responsibilities of parenting may fall to the oldest child, sometimes in their entirety. This role reversal is unfortunate, but all too common in families where the main caregiver is affected by substance abuse and alcoholism.This also results in the children lacking proper role models to learn from, and as teenagers, are more likely to do poorly in school, or drop out entirely and not pursue post -secondary education. Children of alcoholics have higher rates of truancy, arrest, depression, and addiction than their peers, and are usually more aggressive, obsessive, impulsive, and have lower self-esteem. (Parsons) Child abuse adds to the instability of the life of a child with alcoholic parents. While child abuse, unlike FAS, can also occur in families without alcoholic parents, 4/5 of reported cases involved substance abuse, commonly including alcohol.Alcoholism is also more prevalent among child-abusing parents than those who do not abuse their children, and is more commonly associated with child abuse than any other disorder. The abuse is not limited to physical abuse; it comes in many forms, including sexual, verbal, emotional, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. There are many reasons and theories behind the facts, all are true to a certain degree in most situations. Some say that alcoholics are generally more violent and prone to aggression, which makes their children a convenient ta rget. The alcohol might be making them aggressive, or they may aggressive by nature, which is exacerbated by the alcohol. Also, since alcohol and child abuse are connected, many alcoholics were abused as children themselves, and as a result, are more likely to abuse their own children. This abuse puts their children at a greater risk of alcoholism, as well as abusing their future children, perpetuating the cycle. Emotional abuse and neglect commonly occur when the inebriated parent cannot correctly assess their own priorities, emotionally (or physically) abandons their child, or does not treat them as a parent should.Regardless of the reason, child abuse results in the children doing poorly in school, having self-esteem issues, anti-social behaviour, having feelings of guilt and shame, and suffering from depression. Abused children are also much more likely to grow up to abuse their own children, and to have substance abuse issues of their own. (Widom and Hiller-Sturmhofel 52-57) Despite t he obvious hope that a child with alcoholic parents will learn from their mistakes and grow up to be an addiction-free adult, the opposite is usually true. The children of alcoholics are far more likely to become a product of their environment and develop substance abuse problems, likely including, but not limited to, alcoholism. Without proper role models and examples to base themselves off of, these children tend to fall into their parents’ habits and imitate their actions. Alcoholic parents are also more likely to have raised their children in an environment where alcohol abuse was more common or more accepted than non-alcoholic parents, where they may have been influenced by their peers.Along with alcohol dependency, these children are at a much higher risk of developing other substance abuses issues and addictions, most commonly to benzodiazepines. They are also likely to suffer from symptoms of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and obsessive behaviours. Those who manage to stay sober tend to exhibit these characteristics as well. Some children of alcoholics may fall victim to the same traps as their parents, while other s excel, possibly due to a desire to do better in life than their parents. (Brooke, et al 1980-1981)Alcoholism is a very tough habit to break, however anyone who desires to try has a multitude of options. There are certain medications in use that may be prescribed as part of treatment, but these usually accompany group therapy or psychotherapy, which is usually found to be the most effective. Alcoholics Anonymous, or AA, is the most common program, due to its availability, anonymity, efficacy, and affordability. It is a free international program based on the mutual support of its members, where alcoholics learn to take responsibility for their actions, and support others through their journeys.

Life Span Development Essays - Curious George, Child Development

Life Span Development In the book, ?Curious George rides a bike? by H.A. Rey, George receives a new bike from his friend. His friend tells him to be careful with his new bike and to keep close to the house while he is gone. George does not listen to his friend and decides to go exploring away from the house. While exploring, George sees two boys playing with their toy boats and then decides that he wants to play with a toy boat. George made a plan (how to make the boat) and then he carried out the task. George made himself a boat out of newspaper. This is an example of stage two, 1-3 years, Erikson. ?In stage two, children express their growing self control by climbing, touching, exploring, and try to do things for themselves.? (Dennis Coon) Though most children in stage two would be exploring their kitchen floor, or ceiling, not a river! I also read the story, ?Curious George gets a medal? by H.A. Rey. In this story George makes a mess in his friends house. George is anxious to clean up the mess before his friend gets home. The reason that he is so eager to clean up the mess is because he is thinking about the possible consequences of his actions. If this were an actual little boy, he would be thinking, ? I don't want to get punished, so I will clean up the mess.? Or, ?Oh, No! I'm going to get into big trouble!? This is an example of Stage 1 the preconventional level, Kohlberg. If his friend weren't coming home would George work so vigorously to clean up the mess? I think not. In the second half of the book, George is asked to help a professor in a somewhat dangerous experiment. The professor that has asked this of him says, ?Of course everything will be forgiven if you are willing to go.? (George got into a bit of trouble while he was there.) George agrees to this request because he wants to please others. George wants to be nice. Why would a child want to please others? It's because they are trying to avoid disapproval. This is an example of Stage 3, the conventional level, Kohlberg. The last book that I read was ?Curious George? by H.A. Rey. George is taken from his home in Africa, to a big ship. His friend tells him to ? run along and play but don't get into any trouble.? George promises to be good. George found some sea gulls on the deck, and saw that they could fly. He wanted to fly too. George tried to fly, and fell into the ocean instead. Obviously, George is not thinking logically. He does not realize that he can not fly. This is an example of the preoperational stage, 2-7 years. Piaget. I have another example of the preoperational stage not related to the book. My little sister, Zo?, is 4 years old. My mother recently bought her a personalized song tape. In the beginning of the tape it asks her to yell out her name. She screams, ?Zo?!!?. Then it says ?Zo! That's a nice name!? Throughout the tape her name is included in all of the songs. She thinks that the person talking can really here her! Now, getting back on track?. After falling into the ocean George is rescued and once again promises that he will not get into any more trouble. Why would an actual child decide this if he/she were in the same situation? They would act this way because they would be thinking about their own needs. They wouldn't want to fall into the water again or be upset in any way. This is an example of stage two, the preconventional stage, pleasure-seeking orientation. In conclusion, I have found these stages to hold true, in my own personal life, and in children's storybooks. It's really great to finally understand why my little sister acts the way she does!