Elizabethan Drama Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Tamburlaine

Elizabethan Drama Beyond New Historicism: Marlowe's unnatural histories and the melancholy properties of the stage Drew Milne The tradition of the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the minds of the living. [1] There is no document of culture which is not at the same time a document of barbarism. And just as such a document is not free from barbarism, barbarism also taints the process of transmission ... [2] Recent critical discussions of Elizabethan drama, above all of Shakespeare, have centred around `new historicism', a trend consolidated in critical anthologies.[3] New historicism is characterised by an interest in the historicity of texts and the textuality of history, and by affinities with theoretical projects concerned with power, identity and the construction of subject positions. Despite important political differences, new historicism has been linked with what has become known as `cultural materialism'.[4] Many of the political differences stem from the uneasy relation of new historicism, and of cultural materialism, to the Marxist conception of history or historical materialism, differences which this essay seeks to accentuate. Raymond Williams is often claimed as a major precursor of cultural materialism, but interest in institutions, discursive practices and subject positions suggests the different legacy of Althusser's attack on humanism and the influence of Foucault. New historicism, by contrast, shows scant regard for Marxism while being especially indebted to Foucault's version of Nietzsche's will to power and perspectival historicism, despite important critiques of Foucault's work.[5] The Althusserian approach is more overtly committed to the possibility of political change but tends towards a similarly theoreticist, even formalist reduction of history. The possibility of resisting power and the power of ideology marks the decisive conflict in these different assimilations of history to culture. New historicism, lost in proliferating examples of contingent but seemingly inescapable discourses of power, seems at best to expand the archive of wry smiles at the ruses of history and power. As an academic guise in which to rework the glories of the past without pausing too long over the enormity of the history surveyed, the reproduction of literary history now lies in the hands of those who can offer few reasons for continuing to produce the object of critique. Sinfield suggests that, `New historicists, therefore, like their colleagues, are sustaining many of the old routines while knowing, really, that their validity has evaporated.'[6] As such, new historicists could be described as reformists who do not believe in progress. If we are to awake from the nightmare of history, perhaps such historicism should be left alone to dull the air with discoursive moans, as Aeneas puts it in Marlowe's Dido, Queen of Carthage. The persistent naturalisation of suffering in history should be resisted if the process of transmitting historical documents is not to further the process. Herein lies the need to offer estranging perspectives on Elizabethan drama and the intervening historical gulf. One aspect of the difficulty is the continuing investment in naturalising both the language and dramaturgy of Elizabethan drama within a literary tradition dominated by Shakespeare and the Shakespeare industry. This essay seeks to provide an estranging perspective through a reading of new historicist accounts of Marlowe. Focussing on Tamburlaine, I hope to suggest some different approaches with regard to the melancholy dramatisation of history as a scene of unnatural events, by drawing on the work of Walter Benjamin and Franco Moretti.[7] A distinctive and estranging approach to dramatising the enormity of history is evident in the prevalence of violence, murder and arbitrary death in Elizabethan drama itself. This prevalence has long been seen as excessive, a mark of something unnatural in its historical imaginary, without being understood. History in Elizabethan drama is, as title-pages characteristically predict, lamentable. The structure of effects suggested by drama as an occasion for melancholic lamentation helps to contextualise the roles of Tamburlaine, Barabas and Guise in Marlowe's plays, where it seems particularly in-appropriate to reduce their dramatic ambivalence to the need to identify with a central protagonist or autonomous `character'. As David Bevington suggests: `The well-known type of "Lamentable Tragedy, Mixed Full of Pleasant Mirth" ... traces its origins to the view that vicious behavior is at once funny and terrifying as a spectacle, admirable and yet grotesque, amusing but also edifying as a perverse distortion of moral behavior.'[8] Elizabethan drama, par-ticularly Marlowe's, dramatises the contradictions of seeing history as a record of divine providence in which the world is the theatre of divine judgment. The prologue to the first part of Tamburlaine invites audience and reader to `View but his picture in this tragicke glasse, / And then applaud his fortunes if

Free Essays on Computers And Consciousness

Computers and Consciousness Can a computer have a mind? This question has been debated upon for decades by philosophers, mathematicians, physicists’ etc. Alan Turing, a mathematician, said that if we cannot distinguish between the answers a computer gives to questions and the answers a human being gives, then the compute has a mind. But I stand at a different view. In the course of my paper I will discuss the various reasons I believe that computers are not conscious in the same way a human mind is conscious. To come to such a conclusion, as to whether or not computers are conscious the same way as a human mind, what we need to understand first is what exactly does it mean to be â€Å"conscious†. To be conscious means that one is aware of their existence, possesses feelings and has thoughts of their own. Computers were invented by human beings, humans who are not perfect and not all knowing. Computers are programmed by humans, and thus they don’t have the awareness of their own existence, they don’t have feelings and they are programmed to think the way their programmer has designed them to think. Computers lack the free will to think and make decisions by themselves, they do what they are programmed to do. Processing speed is irrelevant to what’s most important in human cognition. Computers have fabulous calculation power, bottomless memory, endless patience and stamina, but they lack consciousness and emotion. While technology offers â€Å"help† and solutions too it is no substitute for the human mind. In the 18th century, philosopher David Hume said, â€Å"All morality in the end is rooted in emotional response.† Our sensibilities, ethical and aesthetics make us human and distinguish us from computers. Computers do not have and therefore cannot adopt points of views. They do not have feelings. No amount of processing speed or memory storage capacity can surmount that obstacle. A computer’s response to a question w... Free Essays on Computers And Consciousness Free Essays on Computers And Consciousness Computers and Consciousness Can a computer have a mind? This question has been debated upon for decades by philosophers, mathematicians, physicists’ etc. Alan Turing, a mathematician, said that if we cannot distinguish between the answers a computer gives to questions and the answers a human being gives, then the compute has a mind. But I stand at a different view. In the course of my paper I will discuss the various reasons I believe that computers are not conscious in the same way a human mind is conscious. To come to such a conclusion, as to whether or not computers are conscious the same way as a human mind, what we need to understand first is what exactly does it mean to be â€Å"conscious†. To be conscious means that one is aware of their existence, possesses feelings and has thoughts of their own. Computers were invented by human beings, humans who are not perfect and not all knowing. Computers are programmed by humans, and thus they don’t have the awareness of their own existence, they don’t have feelings and they are programmed to think the way their programmer has designed them to think. Computers lack the free will to think and make decisions by themselves, they do what they are programmed to do. Processing speed is irrelevant to what’s most important in human cognition. Computers have fabulous calculation power, bottomless memory, endless patience and stamina, but they lack consciousness and emotion. While technology offers â€Å"help† and solutions too it is no substitute for the human mind. In the 18th century, philosopher David Hume said, â€Å"All morality in the end is rooted in emotional response.† Our sensibilities, ethical and aesthetics make us human and distinguish us from computers. Computers do not have and therefore cannot adopt points of views. They do not have feelings. No amount of processing speed or memory storage capacity can surmount that obstacle. A computer’s response to a question w...

Origens Allegorical Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Origens Allegorical Interpretation - Essay Example In this paper I will look into the history of Allegorical interpretation. Moreover I will precisely study why Origen chose to interpret allegorically, what were the factors that influenced him to do so, the times and circumstances when he studied the holy words and also whether his approach was successful or not. Origen was born to a Christian family in Alexandria in either year 185 or 186. His father was believed to be a prosperous and prominent man, who gave his son with schooling that was equally Hellenistic as well as Christian and was based on the learning of the standard literary works of olden Greece and the Holy Bible. Hence he grew up as together as a learned Greek and a committed Christian. This combat education definitely caused somewhat of an inside stress in Origen as he sought to settle his pledge to Christian belief and the Bible with the Hellenistic viewpoint he was educated. From the outlook of Hellenism, Christianity was slightly more than an additional barbarous false notion and the Bible represented a substandard set of texts that were not worth stern thought from the viewpoint of Greek visual standards2. Origen was not the initial one to face this anxiety, and he was proficient to find out from preceding Jewish and Christian whereabouts with Hellenism, mainly Platonic philosophy, in his individual effort to confirm the Bible and its ideas in the framework of the Greek intellectual surroundings. Undeniably, as a student at the school in Alexandria, it is probable that some of his instructors were from Clement of Alexandria, and was also well known for his challenge to communicate Christian teaching to Greek philosophical reflection5. Out of Origen's many works two are valued most in the history of the initial church and Christian thinking. "On First Principles" is a structured and methodical version of Origen's theological and truth-seeking arrangement relating to God, foundation, the different Logos of God, Jesus Christ and salvation. The second one that is "Against Celsus" is a comprehensive remorseful justification of Christian belief written in opposition to the analysis of the Roman thinker Celsus. In this book Origen tries to reveal the supremacy of the teaching and insight of the Bible over against that of the famous Greek philosophy. Allegory Before I proceed to explain the history behind Origen's allegorical interpretation, I would like to mention the formal definition for the term allegory as given by scholars. The word "allegory," is a derivative from the Greek language, from the word "alla," which refers to "other," and another term "agoreuo," which means "to declare." It initially referred to a form of dialogue that Cicero put forward as a 'incessant flow of similes.' Allegory is a style of communication in which one thing is explained by another 5. Allegory varies from the parable, as it is a more organized appearance of the diverse features of the thought that it demonstrates, and also in its contents which are apprehensive with the explanation of hypothetical truths rather than realistic exhortation. The History Of Allegorical Interpretation Allegorism was not a new concept at all. Infact it was well-known in

Marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing communication - Essay Example Higher GDP, high disposable income of people and technological advancement will help to motivate the company to do product diversification. The authentic luxury watches will provide the positive contribution by the innovative creation and identification of target audience. The luxury watches have the strength to influence customer ambition and purchasing behavior due to attractive product design, effective marketing and distribution strategy. Singapore is known for the high consumption rate country of luxury products. Supportive competitive market and implementation of supreme product positioning strategy will help the company to meet with the future objectives. These factors will motivate Azimuth Watch Company to enter in the luxury watch industry. Therefore, Azimuth has the opportunities and the required responsibility to introduce luxury watches in order to encourage sustainable consumption. External Environmental Scan The external environment scan will help to analyze the impact of external environmental factors on luxury watch industry. In order to do the analysis PEST analysis can be formulated. PEST Analysis The PEST analysis used to analyze the macro environmental forces that impact the strategic planning of Azimuth. This analysis will identify the business environment in Singapore for Azimuth. In order to maximize the business opportunities and reduce the external threats, PEST analysis is implemented in this study. The PEST analysis consists of four factors such as political, economical, sociological and technological factors. Political Factors `Singapore is known for his leading high-quality governance globally. The country is considered as the political stable and consistent policy-making country. The political risk regarding investing in luxury watch industry in Singapore is very low. Singapore is also considered as the third least corrupt countries in Asia, due to the country’s efficient government. The legislative power of Singapore lies j ointly with the government and parliament. Therefore it is feasible that the political stability of country should influence Azimuth Watch Company to enter in the luxury watch industry. Economical Factors Singapore is one of the strongest economies in world. The GDP of Singapore is 239.7 billion US $ and the GNI per capita is 42,930 US $. The GDP value of Singapore indicates that the economic output and the disposable income of people are much higher than other economies (Worldbank, 2013). The global economic crisis had a negative impact on economy. After 2008 Singapore’s economy again contracted. Now-a-days Singapore is one of the global economical giant. The high disposable income, higher GDP and low risk will influence Azimuth to do business practices. Sociological Factors Singapore has the population of 5067700 and the major concern is that; population growth has increased in last 10 years. More than 90% of total population has high income distribution in Singapore. The p eople of Singapore tend to consume the luxury products than any other countries. There is a huge potential customer base for luxury watch company and the culture of country supports people to buy luxury products in order to show-off their self-esteem and high personalities. Technological Factors Singapore is a highly technological developed country. The contribution of technology in country’s GDP is outstanding. Government of Singapore is focusing on R&D for more IT investment. Singapore government has a goal named

Job Search Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Job Search Assignment - Essay Example I am a post graduate in computer applications (MCA) from (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦University of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.) of the 2010’S batch with hands-on training in three applications and three languages. I also had my diploma in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and have a work experience with a construction company as a junior designer. Along with my course, I completed applications like C, C++, CORE Java, VB, UNIX shell scripts and html. I have done a project based on .net. My track academic record is considerably good as I have scored 82% marks in aggregate. I am glad to assume that obtaining an opportunity to work for this organisation will be a fantastic opening. Also, this job is a lucrative one and hence I can fulfill the requirements of my family and earn higher levels of reputation among my people. I am confident that my communicative skills will help me withstand the possible constraints of my career. Finally, on my selection, I promise to abide by the commands and help others maintain the decorum of the unit. Thank you Yours faithfully, (Name) Research Portfolio of Infosys Limited My readings on various sites and news letters have given me a clear outline of the prestigious organisation, Infosys Limited. As I know, it was established with seven people as members and with a capital of US$250 headed by N.R.Narayan Murthy, a great visionary and six of his fellow engineers in the Indian city of Pune in 1981. It signed up the first client, Data Basics Corporation in New York and continued operations there till 1983 when it relocated the corporate headquarters to Bangalore in India. After four years of local business settlements, the business associate opens its first international office in Boston, US in 1987. During the international exposure and business acceleration period the firm innovatively developed Employee Stock Options Program (ESOP) and acquired ISO 9001/TickIT Certification and then, the organisati on was promoted to a public limited company with larger segments of market capital. In 1994 the company opened a development center at Fremont and moved it corporate headquarters to Electronic city in Bangalore (Infosys, Official website). The company was focusing on foreign market segment stimulation with a view to set up e-Business ventures and opened global development centers in Toronto and Mangalore in 1995. the desired growth rate of company’s profit inspired the promoters to turn their attention toward public welfare by introducing charitable and youth empowerment programs; with this in mind, they established the Infosys Foundation in 1996. Henceforth, the subsequent years were meant for the skyscraping growth of the company in every field. Following the opening of an office in Toronto in Canada it was assessed CMM Level 4 in 1997. After this accreditation, the company never had a time turning back; each year was a power switch to accelerated growth of its business out let. In 2001 it touched US$ 400million and the CEO was rated among Time Magazine’s 25 most influential businessmen in the world and the company was rated as the Best Employer by the Business World. In 2004, the revenues reach US$ 1 Billion and Infosys Consultancy was launched (Infosys, Official website). The silver jubilee year of the company’

Reflection on Self Development in Mental Health Nursing

Reflection on Self Development in Mental Health Nursing The Nurse Association (ANA) (2003) defines nursing as the promotion, protection and improvement of health and abilities, stopping of illness and injury, relief of suffering through identification, medical care and support in the care of individuals, families, societies and citizenry (Nancy, 2001 p.2).Generally nursing is liable to the society for providing quality, economical as well as improving the care rendered. Hence, nurses are responsible for their patients standard of health. The area of practice I would like to develop in this regard is mental health. The World health Organisation (WHO) (2009) defines mental health as a state of well-being where all individual notices his or her own potential, can cope with normal stressful events of life, can be fruitful and productive, and is able to contribute meaningfully to his or her society. For a person to live happily and meaningfully in life, mental health is important as well as physical health. Inadequate mental health can interfere with keeping meaningful relationships, having a sense of fulfilment in ones self, work and ability to perform in daily activities of life. Mental illness can obstruct ones interest in sleep, food and sexual contact. How we cope with life situations, the way we think and feel can be defined as mental health. By description mental health could be defined as a state of well-being which enables one to be fruitful, being able to live in peace with other people, adjusts to alteration and been able to handle difficult situations. Health conditions marked by alteration or abnormalities in mood, thinking or behaviour (or a mixture of the three) that causes discomfort or impair functioning is known as mental disorder. Giving a lot of definition without going into thorough details is difficult. One huge reason that is partly responsible for the difficulty in defining mental health, mental disorder and mental illness is the differentiation between mental and physical health which is largely pretended. Our ability to think, feel and respond is governed by our brain. The brain needs constant supply of oxygen and nutrients like any other organ in the body because it can also be damaged by thyroid issues, tumours and physical trauma. Mental health and physical health are interweaved (Linda, 2010, p.334). STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ANALYSIS OF MY CURRENT KNOWLEDGE BASE ON MENTAL HEALTH My main tool as a mental health nurse is caring for the elderly living with dementia. As a mental health nurse I show compassion for the people I am dealing with by showing care towards them. Regrettably, there is still some stigma attached to mental illness. Combating this and helping the individuals and their families deal with it is the key part of my job. The danger of violence is often associated with this branch of nursing and one of the special skills required is to spot a build-up of tension and defuse it. Dealing with the behaviour and human mind is not an exact science. The job of helping people back to mental health is every bit as valuable and satisfying as caring for those with a physical illness. Showing professional compassion in my field of practice as a mental health nurse is a very important strength that I possess. For true care to take place feeling compassionate and empathetic towards a stranger is a must; a good feedback feeling is set into motion by doing this. Feelings are important in a humans life. I will say compassion is strength because it is a very important ingredient in nursing profession. Compassion is more than just showing pity or concern; and some dictionary definitions indicate that compassion is part of caring because it involves suffering with the person (Moya, 1992 p 5). As a mental health nurse, it is my duty to understand how to care for the elderly with dementia because their cognitive and affective states are conflicting. Now my experience with the elderly does not appear to me differently put myself into the private world of my patient and this is what empathy and care requires. Moya (1992, p 8) suggested that though as mortals we may find true empathy hard to practice because true empathy is only possible among archangels. My weakness on my current knowledge based on this area unfortunately is lack of Confidence which is evident in certain instances. Public speaking, presentation and demonstration of procedures to nursing assistance plague me. It is one thing to be nonchalant and laid back when speaking with your family and friends, but in a professional environment the whole mood and interpretation of things changes. It all comes down to one thing, the amount of self -esteem that i have and i am willing to exert. CLEAR STATEMENT FOR PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE Snow (1991, pp. 195-197) identifies compassion as pain, sorrow or grief for someone else. Emotions help me focus my moral actions. From my personal knowledge as a mental health nurse, compassion should be totally added in my concept of care. Furthermore the role of a Registered nurse is to improve the health and well-being of the people. My aim in focus is to strive for moral height because I have the opportunity as a nurse to give attention to the pain and suffering of my patients (Ferrel, 2005, p. 86), with a workable process in leadership and putting more compassion in practice. Putting compassion into nursing care is really not an easy task as it involves a lot of work. How this will be achieved is by involving in a compassion program for qualified nurses; going into wards that are already selected for excellence in compassion. In addition getting myself in an NHS Lothian centre for compassionate care which is also called the beacon ward where patients can be asked what we the nurses are doing right and tell us how can improve health (2008) puts it as bottling the magic formula and sharing it. The beacon ward will involve me using an all about me sheet which patients will fill when admitted. This form is not about their medical conditions; about how they will love to be addressed and who is important to them. This gives me an opportunity to look at people values and beliefs. DEVELOPING KNOWLEGDE IN THIS AREA My professional role and expectation from my clients as a mental health nurse is to win trust and establish contact with my clients. They find it difficult to gain trust and build good relationships with professionals in this field. In achieving this, competence is needed. What is competence? Spencer Spencer (1993) describe competency as the ability to realize organizational goals. It involves skills, attitudes and knowledge. These soft skills are vital in this area of practice. Developing my knowledge in mental nursing will enable me be a better nurse and gain a higher level of competency. Registered mental health nurses are regularly faced with clients who stay away from care. They involve patients with severe personality and behavioural disorders, older people living with dementia. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Professional code of conducts describes situations where my professional role as a nurse is needed to be put into practice as regards competence. Throughout my year of practice I must keep my knowledge and skills up to date. Taking part in learning activities that will develop my performance and competence. In order to practice competently and professionally i must possess the knowledge, skills and abilities needed for lawful effective and safe practice without supervision. I must know the things that I am capable of doing and only accept those procedures and practice that I am competent at. If an area of practice is above my level of competence or outside my area of specialty I should call for help and supervision from a competent practitioner except otherwise. SMART CHART DETAILING HOW I WOULD ACHIEVE MY GOALS My goals, when adequately structured can be achieved in a means elaborated below using a SMART CHART. Extension (2008) stressed that SMART goals will enable one achieve relevant actions and goal; they further explained SMART is an acronym for goals that are: Specific, Measurable (Mutual, Motivated), Attainable, Relevant/Realistic, and within a specific Timeline. Clearly stated, my goals are: Improvement in the area of my level of competence as a mental health nurse Ability to win patient trust Develop my level of confidence Broaden my level of knowledge in mental nursing S My goals are limited to my area of improvement and strengths particularly related to my area of specialization which makes it specific M These goals serve as a driving force to my striving for excellence in mental health nursing A A right move in attaining or achieving these goals is by the embarking on my current programme in the University which has boosted my assurance of being a figure head in the nursing profession. R My goals are still in line with my first degree and profession hence its relevance in to my career and to the improvement of patient status. The Nursing and Midwifery Council has embarked on nurses self-development training programmes which my goals conform to. T Putting into utmost consideration my level of adaptation to the health system of the UK and my academic pursuit, my goals are already being actualized and is an on-going process of development till my career is over because learning is a continuous process and knowledge is acquired on a daily process.

Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries :: essays research papers

Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries Over the past decade, there has been rapid long-term economic growth for East Asian countries. These newly industrialising countries are experiencing growth rates in GDP per head at around 6% to 7% compared to the 2% to 3% for most industrial economies. If this growth continues, South Korea and Taiwan might take away America's distinction as the world's richest country. This rapid economic growth is a result of several economic and political factors. The pace of economic development, growth in world trade and communications, and the investment in physical capital and education have all played a role in the sudden rise of the East Asian economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan is the pace of economic development. The pace has accelerated over time. As time progresses, countries seem to be able to grow at a much more rapid rate. From 1780, it took Great Britain 58 years to double its real income per head. It took America 47 years to double in the 1800's while Japan took 34 years from the late 19th century. Finally, South Korea was able to double its real income per head in an amazing 11 years from 1966. It would seem that the later a country has industrialised, the faster it has been able to do so. Another important factor is the degree to which a country is behind the industrial leaders. In the case of the East Asian countries, South Korea and Taiwan, both started out with an extremely low income per head. This allowed much faster growth when copying the leaders. It is important to realize that these growth rates should slow as the countries catch up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An area in which East Asia is investing much of its GDP is in physical capital and education. Compared to the industrial leaders, the East Asian countries have sustained a much higher investment in these areas. South Korea invests 35% of its GDP which is more than double America's capital spending. The East Asian countries have placed much emphasis upon education. Education is the key to mastering the technologies which they have been borrowing from the economic leaders of the world. The standards of education for these countries have improved as rapidly as their economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of these East Asian countries is the global market. No longer is a country's economy hurt by a small domestic market. World trade has grown tremendously over the Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries :: essays research papers Rapid Economic Growth In East Asian Countries Over the past decade, there has been rapid long-term economic growth for East Asian countries. These newly industrialising countries are experiencing growth rates in GDP per head at around 6% to 7% compared to the 2% to 3% for most industrial economies. If this growth continues, South Korea and Taiwan might take away America's distinction as the world's richest country. This rapid economic growth is a result of several economic and political factors. The pace of economic development, growth in world trade and communications, and the investment in physical capital and education have all played a role in the sudden rise of the East Asian economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan is the pace of economic development. The pace has accelerated over time. As time progresses, countries seem to be able to grow at a much more rapid rate. From 1780, it took Great Britain 58 years to double its real income per head. It took America 47 years to double in the 1800's while Japan took 34 years from the late 19th century. Finally, South Korea was able to double its real income per head in an amazing 11 years from 1966. It would seem that the later a country has industrialised, the faster it has been able to do so. Another important factor is the degree to which a country is behind the industrial leaders. In the case of the East Asian countries, South Korea and Taiwan, both started out with an extremely low income per head. This allowed much faster growth when copying the leaders. It is important to realize that these growth rates should slow as the countries catch up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An area in which East Asia is investing much of its GDP is in physical capital and education. Compared to the industrial leaders, the East Asian countries have sustained a much higher investment in these areas. South Korea invests 35% of its GDP which is more than double America's capital spending. The East Asian countries have placed much emphasis upon education. Education is the key to mastering the technologies which they have been borrowing from the economic leaders of the world. The standards of education for these countries have improved as rapidly as their economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another factor which has helped the long-term economic growth of these East Asian countries is the global market. No longer is a country's economy hurt by a small domestic market. World trade has grown tremendously over the