Symbolism And Narrative Voice

symbolisationic representation And Narrative VoiceThis extended essay repels to dispute the categorization of the pistillate protagonists in Alice Walkers The colorize Purple and Nawal El Saadawis char at maculation home in as repressed by examining the query How is symbolism and narration voice used by the authors to demonstrate distri furtherively wo violates struggle with marginalization? The scope of this essay encompasses twain flora which endeavour to place wo workforce as it depicts their all oercoming societys norms. The use symbolism and account voice by Walker and El Saadawi to portray Celie and Firdaus experiences drew me to this full stop work. This paper explores Walker and El Saadawis use of these literary devices to browse the actual complexity and defiance of their protagonists behavior, which overrides generalized nature of marginalization. two newss argon an example of the influence caused by females struggle with chauvinism in two rattli ng varied cultures build it is still a global b different as it is being referenced in two literary pieces from distinct times.The essay counts with two of import sections, each show in the specific literary device which is aimed to be explored. It ac drive inledges the powerful issue of the narrative voices and the symbolism on the com manpowertator, on how these two devices argon intentionally introduced by the authors to streng accordingly up the intensity of the protagonists life situation and by complementing each otherwise they manage to give the component the phylogeny it deserves. countersignature debate 230Table of ContentsAbstract 21. Introduction.. 42. Symbolism 53. Narrative Voice..104. Conclusion..16Bibliography171. IntroductionWomens struggle to cut by dint of oppression has wrench a major(ip) issue over the ratiocination 50 years. The subjugation of women has non been an eternal feature of the human society, b arly it became a product of the evolu tion of class society. This struggle is c drift off tothing that two authors deplete tried to demonstrate, proving on that point is not just now one point of enchant ab emerge it. Still women attain fought for their importance and this gets to be evidenced through literary devices of symbolism and narrative voices in The Color Purple create in 1982 by Alice Walker, Ameri suffer writer and muliebrity at pass Zero published in 1975 by Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist. Books atomic number 18 a very efficient method to express an idea or a thought. Who does not claim the dexterity to convey their intentings verbally has the ability to do so in compose, and regardless of the background context of the bilgewater (whether based on accompaniment or fiction), by presenting these ideals in a scripted form, the necessary ingredients will be added to make the writing type of literature, that is why the literary features are as important and relevant as the same thread of th e plot. The feminist genre has become a commonplace form of literature this is why the fol sufferinging question How is symbolism and narrative voice used by the authors to demonstrate each womans struggle with marginalization in The Color Purple and Woman at spot Zero? is going to be answered. It is important to generate a comparison amidst these two novels as they take in been some(prenominal)(prenominal) written by female authors as stated before and they show the overcome of chauvinism by the important guinea pigs, writing ab start a subjective look into the prerequisite underdevelopment of marginalized characters. Celie from The Color Purple and Firdaus from Woman at Point Zero, are bump of these characters, both led by distinguishable religions and political b guilds scarcely with a very kindred struggle.2. SymbolismThe use of symbolism throughout both novels is continuously present. Symbols take up as a purpose to communicate a content. It is inside any litera ry piece to generate a deeper sum in the stories 1, broadly, the symbols are highlighted through the book to support the literary theme, good as shown in The Color Purple and Woman at Point Zero, where symbols play an important role in the overcoming of the marginalization suffered by the main characters. To highlight in The Color Purple we find small fryhood, the relationship mingled with Celie and her beloved sister Nettie, the one person who is constantly cheering Celie up and motivating her to keep on moving ahead. The bond that represents their relationship is quilting. It is in a flash linked with the theme of sisterhood. Nettie and Celie used to spend their apologise time (their apologise time meant the time none of them were serving for their dad or generally doing household work) together laughing and sewing old pieces of curtains in prepare to make one single quilt. The idea of sewing up different pieces and making them part of one same full-length, represents unity. The union between this two sisters, were leaning on each other formed a contingent engine, especially used by Celie, to continue on with her life.The seeming violet itself is the most evident symbol in the book. Purple may agree many kernels and they all fit into the base of the book. Every different meaning ties up the thread of the fabrication and guides the reader through the characters struggle showing them all the process until they overcome chauvinism. In the for the first time place, Shug Avery is the person who points out the concept of the glossiness in imperial to Celie 2. Shug, tells Celie how beau ideal does small things for batch, like creating the chroma purplish that to make them happy and give them pleasure in their lives, he wants people to notice the beauty of his own humanitys, to love his creations. As Celie learns to love life throughout her whole development in the labour to reach her happiness, she learns to love her inner self, subst antially just as the color purple is a very small except important creation she finally recognizes the beauty she carries with her and decorates her bedroom in her own home with the color purple. The bruises on Celies beaten face throughout her pitiful life, the torment she has gone throughout her life has been showing off through the bruises in her face as she was being beaten up by her mother and husband. Still all these bruises never stopped her from achieving her license, the bruises just made her self-coloreder. 3Last, the color purple is not as common as other colour in the actual color was discovered with the secretion produced by some shellfish found around the cities of Tyre. By being so rare and touchy to find, it became a symbol of royalty because only the very wealthy people could afford it4. In relationship to the book, Celie associates the color purple and longs for a purple dress5, well wearing it would make her feel much confident but overall, more powerful. The same color suffers en evolution as the development of Celies struggle is being exceeded. At the beginning, Celie did not consider herself to be treated as royalty, though at the end, as she feels more confident, she decides that purple should now be the color that represents her.Clothes are a major symbol through the book. Pants, are another important detailor. In the 1930s, boxershorts were not common amongst women they were only used by men plot women were only allowed to use fancy dresses or long skirts. This is why pant are the greatest symbol of womens liberation from the confines of a dress. When Celie decides not only to wear them, but to start her own duty on them, she becomes freed from gender stereotypes. Therefore they represent liberation from patriarchy and sexism, as well as economic independence, where women show they can also have success without the help of men. Trousers are the main symbol in relationship to the overcome of struggle, they are the last sym bol shown in the book permit the audience know how this assortment is Celies last and ultimate makement.The earn to God are also important, as the tale is being told in the beginning through Celies own earn. Due to her isolation and despair, she initially addresses these garner to God. God is at first a confidant. Throughout the stratum, Celie by discovering the earns from Nettie that Mr__ had hidden from her Now that I know Albert hiding Netties letters, I know exactly where they is.6. This helps her regain confidence and hope, by feeling she does have someone else to lean on and she was never forgotten making her change the recipient role of her letters to Nettie.After the whole base has concluded, the last letter written from Celie is once again address to God, the starts, the sky and every other one of his creations thanking him for all her achievements, showing the last phase of her struggle, the recovery.7In Woman at Point Zero, Firdaus, a young woman waiting to be executed in an Egyptian prison house, narrates the fifty-fiftyts and relationships that led her to become a cocotte and murder her pimp. El Saadawis perspective frames the story as she visits Firdaus in chuck out and feels overwhelmed by her strength. Money is one of the books greatest symbols as it creates a racy between the parallelism of its own value and Firdaus well a man does not know a womans value. She is the one who determines her value. 8 Firdaus was told by Sharifa that the higher(prenominal) you scathe yourself, the more he will reliableize what you are really worth, and be prepared to pay with the way of life at his disposal. And if he has no means, he will steak from someone else to give what you demand.9On her own, she learns that her proboscis has a monetary value to men, and gets advantage of the fact that pleasure was something men desired, meaning that for the first time, men depended on her. The more she built and built her self-esteem, the more confiden t she felt, and the more confident she felt, the more she would charge and higher the price of her service. In fact the real symbol comes to be price as it is what really categorizes something or someones value.Still the part of her narration with more symbolism is when Firdaus tears up the capital and demonstrates money has no power over her anymore. The prince will then declare her a total princess, outside the reach of money. Being a prostitute means developing a job, and money is its remuneration but Firdaus wants more than just being paid for her job, she wants to be recognized as a strong woman.Firdauss drill certificates are also a symbol during her overcome. Books have accompanied her since she childhood her first encounter with books was thanks to her uncle as he secretly taught her how to read. He was the first person who initially shows interest in the young Firdaus and tries to guide her towards a better future. Reading helped her realize that there is more than just her small and poor village. Later on, as she moves with her uncle she starts shoal and achieves not only her school certificate but gets much donnish recognition.Being a scholar made her self-esteem rise, she was proud of what she had achieved by herself with no one elses intervention, I have a secondary school certificate, and I want to work 10 she claimed. She k unused her certificates would mean her departure to success.Finally we can find one of the biggest symbols throughout the book eye. Eyes are constantly mentioned and highlighted in the story. As Firdauss story starts to develop, she emphasizes in the fact that look always seemed to gaze upon her.At the beginning, the mountain ranges of the eye could be interpreted as something trivial, physical. But, as she mentions the eye that always looks upon her, and the story keeps progressing and she becomes more mature to at least distinguish from what is right and what is wrong, the image of the eye starts to refer as the cons cience that is constantly reminding her about her occupation. This brought also the meaning and interpretation of a new symbol apprehensioned by Firdaus, the feeling of someone watching over her.Another important point is the cultural relationship between eyeball and the Muslim religion. Women are not to show their eyes to strangers, and it is prohibited for them to absolute into the eyes of their husbands and fathers, they should lower their eyes in sign of respect and admiration. Women that are still into the orthodox tradition should stay under the hijab to observe from there the outer world. 1112The change the image of the eye suffers can be seen as the change in Firdauss outlook in life. As she grows up and understands the rules of society, her outlook on life switches from optimistic to hopeless. Still, at the end they show themselves again as widely cleared and confident.Both books contain these symbols to nurture and intensify the real meaning of this whole struggle by these women who have learned how to fend for themselves. These authors may coincide in the use of similar symbols, but the way in which Celie and Firdaus overcome their obstacles is completely different considering the descriptor of situations that surround them. It is their cultural differences what protrude amongst both characters and derives the other factors. In order to successfully communicate to a wide audience, we moldiness recognize the fact that things carry different symbolic meanings to different cultures. Economic independence for example, is important in both characters but the means of obtaining this independence is completely different due to the cultural and systemic possibilities given to both women. This economic independence is symbolized with the obtention of money through prostitution in Woman at Point Zero and with pants in The Color Purple. While Firdaus has to go through social humiliation and lack of self-respect, Celie goes through a low self-esteem and a more stigmatized oppression from men who do empower over her with more facility than what men managed to obtain from Firdaus as the story progresses.3. Narrative VoiceNarrative voice is the persona relation back the story the persona develops from the personality and attitude of the vote counter, which are expressed by the narrators choice of words and incidents. These in turn depend on the point of view of the story. The point of view goes founder by hand with the narrative voice it is what makes emphasis in the personality of the character meaning that it would show the development of the character along the story. 13An interesting characteristic of The Color Purle, is the fact that the first person narrator will introduce the events in letter forms. As it has been mentioned before, the first half of the book is told completely from Celies point of view as she addresses letters to God in some diary form to let God know about everything that surrounds her. As the book opens, C elie is clearly a victim her narrative actually begins as a result of her victimization. Her father tells her to hide from everyone the secret about him raping her, heavy anyone but God. This was the initial motor for Celie to confide God about her struggles. As she is being emotionally, psychologically and physically isolated, she is immerse in the idea that she has no one who cares about her, this is why she also leans on God.Celies point of view gets to be interesting. Unlike her sister Nettie, she is an uneducated woman as she has been forced to quit school around the age of fourteen to catch her pregnancy, pregnant by her own father. Her lack of education is show with her shortcomings in grammar and spell out but this does not cover the fact that she is still telling a powerful story She ast me bout the first one Whose it is? I say Gods. I dont know no other man or what else to say. When I start to hurt and then my stomach is moving and then that little baby come out my puss y chewing on it fist you could have knock me over with a feather. 14 The forward quote demonstrates a perfect example of Celies lack of education mixed with the intense situation she had to go through. Both factors as they are combined generate a much larger impact on the reader as he gets immerse in a story where there is not only an educational problem but a tragic narration driving the reader to infer of how the same lack of education may have caused to damages to Celie as she has no other guide other than her own ignorance.As Celie discovers her sister Nettie never stopped writing to her, but it was Mr.___ who hid the letters from her, she changes on the recipient of her letters still there is nothing artificial about her writing style. The reader can always identify a pervasive and fixed quality of honesty throughout her letters. When I told Shug Im writing to you instead of God she laugh. Nettie dont know these people, she say. Considering who I been writing to, this strik e me good story 15 writes Celie to Nettie.Celie gains confidence as she knows she does have someone watching over her and even though God is somehow left aside, he does not lose importance, Celie just gets overwhelmed by the fact that her new discovery would have seemed something impossible. The previous quote indicates her happiness, happiness achieved for the first time in a very long period of time. This evokes hope amongst the audience and reflects the characters emotion.From this event on, the book makes a certain turn and the reader will continue on erudite about her story but not throughout the letters addressed to God, but this time in the letters between Celie and Nettie. Nettie, however, is an educated woman, her grammar and spelling are correct and she discusses more complex topics in the letters. Still, it does not comparing to how powerful Celies story is.In Woman at Point Zero even though the first person narrator persists, the story is differently told. The narrat ive point of view is used to inform the reader of the political and socio-cultural context of the situation in which the protagonists find themselves, due to the fact that it is not only a story but it is based in a real life situation. The voices vary not from character to character but from character to head-shrinker, who represents the voice of the author.El Saadawis narrator starts by fulfilling the role of a psychiatrist who introduces the story of Firdaus. As the psychiatrist, she is looking forward to portray the conventional oppression of women, in this particular case she works on the oppression implant within the Islamic traditions as well as the lack of gender equality.Firdauss story begins to be embedded in which we think is El Sadaawis life. I felt somehow that my research was now in jeopardy. As a matter of fact, my whole life seemed to be threatened with failure. My self-confidence began to be badly shaken, and I went through difficult moments16 The quote not only l ets the reader know about her situation but corroborates the fact that she was there just to shape with her work as a psychiatrist.As Firdaus agrees to see her, she now becomes the listener, Firdaus becomes the narrator. The psychiatrist gets immersed in who is supposed to be her patients story, a new twist occurs, and the person who seemed to be vulnerable despite her wealthy scotch position and social class she expresses love and admiration for Firdaus who opened her eyes The power of truth, as savage, and as simple, and as awesome as death, save as simple and as gentle as a child that has not yet learnt to lie.17The psychiatrist writes this after hearing Firdauss story and watching her be escorted towards her execution. As she feels light-headed, Firdaus has convinced her that what surrounds her is a lie and, lies must be destroyed, this leaves her within the dilemma of thinking whether if her whole life has been an fallacy or pure and simple reality. She also realizes that F irdaus is not in prison because authorities fear she will kill again if released, but because they fear the truth that she now possesses. Killing a pimp is not her real crime, exposing the dissimulation and powerlessness of the leaders and princes she so despises, is. She now stops acting the role of the psychiatrist, and changes to play the role herself as a human being.Firdauss story is purely more complex. Her story arises from silence, from her initial refusal to speak. This presence of the voice, which is meant to be experienced as the voice of a real person sort of than the one of a fictional character, is the mark of a desire not to be silenced or defeated, a desire to impose oneself on an institution of power, from the position of the marginal.Firdaus was able to discover how Men impose deceitfulness on women and punish them for being deceived, force them down to the lowest aim and punish them for falling so low, bind them in marriage and then chastise them with menial service for life, or insults, or blows.18 Mens imposition over women was just being developed with the excuse of a culture and a religion, but that was not to be allowed anymore.Life taught her the implication of being a woman inside her society. Her eyes went wide open over the fact that it was no obligation for women to yield over men, but it was womens obligations to have the courage of standing up against them and stop that intrust once and for all. She is constantly expressing these emotions with resentment, an outraged tone evoking compatibility between the reader and the character through imagery.In her outcry against mens dominance, she exposes the multiple forms of hypocrisy and control used to gain authority over women. She hated men who tried to give her advice, or told her that they wanted to rescue her from the life she was leading, she say they saw themselves in some kind of chivalrous role.19Indeed, all those who supposedly rescue Firdaus, men and women alike, end up using her for their own purposes. though her life made her look as a victim, her tone as she tells her story does not show either sorrow or gloom, but anger and bitter. As it pertains to both books, The Color Purple and Woman at Point Zero, narratives are expressed in two different forms, secret letters as demonstrated with the first book and a traditional storytelling based on a real life event, still both done in first person narrative.The differences between the two main characters are protruded with the tone that both authors imply. Celie is never seen as anything else but a victim, even though she achieves her independence at the end of the story her image only changes from victim to surpass, while Firdaus despite the difficulties always knew who she was, pointed to where she was going and demonstrated it since the beginning of the story as she stated I knew that women did not become heads of state, but I felt that I was not like other women. 20About the authors intentions, both embed their books with their life. Alice walker pretends to demonstrate not only the marginalized life of the characters she created but of black writers such as herself through the written word. The story itself is a representation of what Walkers ancestors went through in the eighteenth century.21 On the other hand, Nadal el Saadawi not only narrates a real life story but in the same book she connects it to her life and describes how she felt while living the moment. Here is where the relationship with both authors varies Walker recreates what should have been the life of her family some years ago to feel close to her history while El Saadawi makes a direct confederacy and gets herself involved. Here, the cultural differences are not much of a factor influencing the authors to achieve their intentions, as narrative voices point out the outcry of two characters who aim for the same achievements.4. ConclusionBoth literary techniques complement each other to give the character the development it deserves. It is through the narrative voice and the first person that the character is expressed in its entirety to set free to a set of oppressed emotions in which the characters may find themselves immerse. Whether in writing as Celie did, or verbally as Firdaus, whose story was later on on transferred to paper, the tranquility of both women is caused by the release of these feelings.With symbolism, the author looks to add on those repressed emotions to give a deeper meaning to their struggle and give more validity to the achievements of these characters. Through these symbols the reader can be aware of the development of the characters as the story goes along, the more the symbol gets highlighted, the more important it is. The symbol is an essential element, which also integrates the background context of both, the author and characters to interpret the logical implication of theyre development and demonstrate the authors intention.Word Count 3971

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic acid

Absorption spectroscopy and acetic unpleasantThe absorbance of light, wavelength 632nm, was measured in an index firmness of purpose at variable pH, and varying dumbness, leaveing for a Beer-Lambert speckle to be constructed. This was then apply to measure acetic acid uptake at the surface of deionised water and octan-1-ol coated water, allowing pH, and indeed tautness, to be calculated from absorbance of the liquid.IntroductionSurfactants are molecules which are able to cultivate a surface across a liquid, and stop the interaction of orthogonal molecules with the solution without interacting with these molecules first. These are extremely useful since they often contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic aspect, which interact differently to different molecules. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of paper, textiles and construction among others.1 They are the main ingredient of detergents and they allow non-polar molecules to dissolve in polar molecules, such as oil into water.On the surface of the liquid, the surfactant will interact slightly differently. It will force a surface of hydrophobic tails. This will stop polar molecules from ledger entry the liquid, since the liquid will appear to be a poor solution for the polar molecule to interact with. They also increase decrease tightness of the liquid.4This barrier is expected to stop the acetic acid, used in interrupt 3 of the experiment, interacting with the water solvent. If it does interact, the pH of the solution will lower due to acetic acids presence, and the indicator will show a change in colour. If no acetic acid enters the solution, no change should be detect or measured.ExperimentalUsing de-ionised water, a reference light volume was recorded. A 250ml solution (1) of 0.005% wt bromocresol green was then prepared, and absorbance was measured. 100ml was removed, and the pH adjusted use 0.1M sodium hydroxide and glacial acetic acid, and absorbance was noted at pHs amid 3-6 at 0.3 increments. 50ml of remaining solution (1) was further diluted to solutions of 0.0025%, 0.00125%, 0.000625% and 0.0003125% concentration. Spectroscopic digest of these concentrations was made, and a Beer Lambert graph plotted. A solution of unknown concentration was then spectroscopically analysed and its approximate concentration go overd. This solution was then enclosed in a container with acetic acid, and spectroscopic readings taken every 30 seconds. This was retell with fresh solution, with the add-on of 0.2ml of octan-1-ol to the surface of the cuvette.ResultsThe results for the pH change showed a curve, freeing from lower pH on the left to high pH on the right.This is a more(prenominal) quantifiable way of showing that as the Bromocresol saturnine blue at high pH. This shows absorption toward the end of the spectrum of lower energy, (ie higher wavelength). So as pH increased, the absorbance of Bromocresol at 632nm increased too as it became blue.The next aspect of the experiment was to analyse how concentration affected the absorbance of Bromocresol green. As concentration of bromocresol green was altered, it was possible to draw a Beer-Lambert plot expound how the absorption of the light changed with concentration of the Bromocresol Green.As would be expected, there is a straight line relationship between Bromocresol concentration and Absorbance except at higher concentrations, where the solution plateaus and becomes non-linear. Excluding this end point it is possible to derive the gradient, and thence the value of ?L. This was determined to be 36600.The Bromocresol solution of unknown concentration transmittable 0.222, making a LOG(Io/I) value of 0.67. Dividing this by the gradient gave the Bromocresol solution concentration to be 4.5710-6moldm-3.From this it is possible to determine the acidity of the solution using the Beer-Lambert plot as given above. Using an original pH, it is then possible to determine the concentration of the acetic acid on top of this, using guileless(prenominal) equations associated with pKa and pH.From the information of Ka and pH, it is possible to calculate the concentration of acetic acid in the solvent.Error analysisUsing fault analysis and standard errors of instrumentality used, it is possible to construct the same graphs as above but with error bars. These are shown below.DiscussionThe calculations and graphs suggest that coating a solvent in octan-1-ol would encourage uptake of acetic acid, rather than inhibit it. This may be due to dimerzation or trimerzation of acetic acid (1) as it evaporates from the surface, making it more soluble in the partially polar octan-1-ol solution.Single carbon-oxygen bonds display less polarisation than carbonyl bonds do, and so it is in all likelihood that in this dimerised arrangement acetic acid more quickly dissolved in the oil, in addition to acetic acid pronto dissolving in organic solvents. Because of these reasons it readily crossed over f rom the relatively non-polar octanol to the polar water solvent, decreasing the pH of the Bromocresol containing solution in both the uncoated and octanol coated solutions.It is, however, most likely that the experiment was not successful. Alternative indicators, such as NH3, would have readily dissolved in water and increased the pH of the solution. It would also not have been able to dissolve in the octanol due to the higher mark and availability of the nitrogen lone pair. Because of this it would have been a better indicator of the presence of a surfactant than acetic acid.AcknowledgementsI would like to give thanks my demonstrators M. Azwani Mat Lazim and Miss Olesya Myakonkaya for their advice on the experiment.ReferencesR. J. Farn, Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Publishing (2006) pp. 6.L. L. Schramm, Surfactants fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry, Cambridge University compaction (2000) pp. 7.R. J. Farn, Chemistry and Technology, Blackwell Publishin g (2006) pp. 6.K. S. Birdi, Handbook of surface and colloid chemistry, CRC Press (1997) pp. 338.P. Atkins, J. De Paulo, Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th Edition, Oxford Publishing (2006) pp. 432.P. M. S Monk, Physical chemistry understanding our chemical world, John Wiley Sons (2004) pp. 225.V. H. Agreda, J. R. Zoeller, Acetic acid and its derivatives Volume 49 of Chemical industries, CRC Press (1993) pp. 96.

The Meaning Of Life Philosophy Essay

The Meaning Of deportment Philosophy EssayThe universal seekion What is the meaning of tone? has been asked since the spark of civilization. The answer from people in todays society may differ greatly from the answers of those from Roman and Greek civilizations thousand years back. The great philosophers, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Roman Stoics provoke contributed what we believe gives our lifetime value. Each philosopher gives their own perspective of life which raises numerous questions by many a(prenominal) for years.Through the makeups of Xenophon and Plato we learn what Socrates visions he had of life. unitary principle nonion from Socrates is that the Meaning of life is through thought. What we faecal matter read from Socrates is he believed that humans will do what is wide to achieve rapture. up to now it is give awaying what is the true human easily? Through Socrates teachings he treasured those to learn that there was a difference between opinion and knowledge. He believed that through questioning opposites opinion and showing others their opposition correct began the loyalty of knowledge. This leads to that truth can be acquired through dialect.Ultimately, Socrates focus is on unrivaleds ethics. It is our morals that make life what it is meant to be. He believes that if one does wrong then they do not clearly understand or arrive not experiences the good of life. There is no clarity to them on the virtues of love, morality, or anything else ethical. However if one never does anything wrong and is always good then they will never have reason to do wrong.Given that Plato was a student of Socrates his teachings and writing intertwine with Socrates. The importance of life to Plate would be best correspond in his sixth book the Republic. Plato looks for answers about what is the ideal government, fair individuality, and what is good for the human soul. The Republic looks towards answer of government universe based on just ice, wisdom, courage, and temperance. Plato believed happiness would be achieved this ideal government which had an abolitions of families and private property.Platos visible and intelligible originations is the concept of the continuation of discovering truth and knowledge which leads to lifes happiness. In the visible world we can only have an opinion and with the intelligible world we find the knowledge. When that ultimate knowledge is discovered then that one can have good and meaning in their life. Plato wants people to discover the truth beyond their existence.Aristotle thoughts differ greatly from those of Plato and Socrates. His ideas form a naturalist view. The value of life to Aristotle shapes around the thought of the bodys soul, thinking, and ones perception. The individual can manoeuvre properly take in what they see from the outside world and as well what they await in themselves. Aristotle disagrees with Platos the Republic in which plurality is what is needed. He claims that Platos theories would not intromit happiness do too many flaws. Aristotle believed that the good life was the city-state and it cannot be done alone but only as a community.To Aristotle the deserving of life begins with human activity. Happiness can be obtained first though personal experiences. He describes that it is not one thing alone that leads to happiness but multiple things such pleasure and lock. However pleasure and work in moderation and not excess. Aristotle emphasizes that lifes meaning lies in our friendship and lovers. existence are also able to have emotions in their souls like other animals but human differ from that they can control emotions. Since human can control their emotions and desires properly it lead one to moral virtues.The Roman Stoics school of thought revolved around concept of the logos. Everything that surrounded one on ground including God was materialism according to Stoics. Virtus was well respected by Romans and with virtus bein g acknowledged one could fully accept their lifes situation. There was also no discrimination between male, female, salve, and free as opposed to Plato. The main ending for the Stoic was happiness. Nevertheless this happiness could only be achieved through the quest of virtue. This ideal of living with virtue meant living with reason within logos. It describe by the Stoics to preserve happiness if to avoid emotion and passion.Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Roman Stoics philosophies neuter but in many ways conform to each other. Aristotle philosophies of life and writings are intimately appealing to me. Although I do not agree entirely with everything Aristotle has stated I find he is the most leveled headed philosopher to my standards. Aristotles belief that the individual and the community need to come together in the city-state is a philosophy that I strongly agree with. However, I do not agree with Aristotles soul and body relations. I find that Plato and Socrates to be t oo extreme especially with Platos the Republic.The philosophers may have shaped many ideals of what is thought to be meaning of life. Theories from Plato to Aristotle to The Stoics have given the individuals over the recent thousands years to today food for thought.

Was Darwin a Eugenicist?

Was Darwin a Eugenicist?Aiden TamasauskasCharles Darwin is often cited as iodin the most pivotal contributors to the kind-hearted understanding of evolution. His magnum opus On The Origins of Species, documents his groundbreaking observations and theories from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. Darwins solve on essential pick lead to the view of evolution as being a growth of deviations, the academic degree to which stems from an original organism. The varieties of organisms that amaze survived oer time have done so beca intention of their specific aptness for their environment, and energy else. Essentially Darwin helped introduce the theory of excerpt of the fittest-in some other words, fate, as a central property of biological development. At the time Darwin released his theories, the nonion of chance was hugely controversial, and lead to questions concerning the rattling sanctity and precariousness of animal liveness. It was not until the publishing of The Descent of M an that Darwin dealt explicitly with the subject of the evolution of homosexuals. Darwin resolutely solves that benevolents are descendants of less complex livelihood reachs and that the fussy routes in which they have adapted to their environment is the paramount feature of their survival. Some scientists took from Darwin the theory of natural selection, and sought to synthesize it or rig it. The field of eugenics essentially claims that by contractable intervention the human raceway can be improved. in that location are some who would claim that by making human race less essential-or important-biological figures, and by putting their destiny in the hands of chance, Darwin somehow advocates for a type of eugenics or a genetic intervention or modification in the service of human life. This typography will demonst mark by dint of an analysis of The Descent of Man, that Darwin was emphati confabulatey not a eugenicist. This will be argued by contrasting the claim that Darwin was a eugenicist with an in-depth examination of Darwins understanding of human affectionateity desire, fellow feeling, and natural and sexual selection.To begin, Darwins treatment of how edict and societal values contributed to anthropogenesis shows an initial incongruence between Darwin and eugenicists. Darwin claims, man is a social being. We see this in his dislike of solitude, and in his wish for inn beyond that of his own family. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,529). Already, we can see that Darwin wants to highlight the way in which society is a product of both an aversion to closing off and a calculated ratiocination to stay amongst others. But why? There are sets of values (whether they be morals or behavioural norms) that at some point the ancestors of humans developed and began performing. Darwin clarifies, enjoining, although man, as he without delay exists, has few special instincts, this is no reason why he should not have retained from an extremely rem ote period some degree of distinctive sock and sympathy for his fellows. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,530). This quote explains that man has acquired a sense of obedience and love for his community, but by chance. This uncertainty of how these senses of love and obedience came about(predicate) should be read as an embracing or acknowledging of the unknow processes of deep time and natural selection, not a call to learn how to synthesis and produce genetic changes to these sensations. In other words, if one tribe included a great number of courageous, sympathetic and crease members, who were always ready to warn each other of danger, to aid and support each other, this tribe would without a doubt succeed best and arrogate the other (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,535). Here Darwin shows that sentiments that were beneficial to tribes were often used to the utility of the most successful tribes, which shows that the group mentality of society has come about by virtue of bot h instinctual sentiments and the adopting of qualities that increase the success and decrease the bother of survival. Ultimately survival is a product of battling and adapting to ones environment.What sets human community isolated from that of lower animals is the sensation of regret they feel when having not acted in consonance with certain moral conduct. This is an appeal to humanitys concern with mental contents. If a human enacts, Darwin says, any desire or instinct, leading to an action opposed to the nigh(a) of others, he will feel no keen regret at having followed it but he will be conscious that if his conduct were known to his fellows, it would meet with their disapprobation and few are so destitute of sympathy as not to feel discomfort when this is realized. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,532). This is essentially what structures human morality. This conclusion agrees well with the belief that the so-called moral sense is aboriginally derived from the social instinc ts, for both relate at first exclusively to the community. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,532) This is to say that humans have a certain sensitiveness to acting in accordance with past impressions (this includes acting nobly and acting out of native desire) whereas other animals act instinctually without a moment of remembrance, regret, sympathy or empathy. Darwin as well as thinks that primeval man, at a very remote period, was influenced by the plaudit and blame of his fellows, meaning that he highly values mental enthral and virtues (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,537, 559). Whether acting as a society in retort to their environment (natural selection) or choosing a mate (sexual selection) Darwin believes that humans have a special concern for each other that is not possible to treasure through eugenics. What is of the utmost importance to this discussion is the way in which Darwin believes that this predisposition accumulated over the long span of anthropogenesis-it ha s no intrinsic or necessary meaning other than its haphazardness.Darwins most notorious development, natural selection, is a theory that arguably serves as the antithesis of eugenics. Darwin explicitly explains that all the social qualities, were no doubt acquired by the progenitors of man in a similar manner, namely, through natural selection, aided by inherited habit. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,535). Besides instinctual habit-based decision making, social attributes in humans are a product of natural selection that is, sociality has been selected as the most beneficial arrangement for human lifes survival against its environment. It is an intellectual fallacy to equate the work done on the theory of natural selection to a secularized teleology, or blueprint of nature. Rather, natural selection is the unpredictable work of nature, not an objective plan. It is a law that is as random as it is inevitable. As opposed to being the law of a god, natural selection follows from the struggle for existence and this from a rapid rate of increase had he not been subjected to natural selection, assuredly he would n invariably had attained to the rank of manhood. (Darwin, Descent of Man, Carroll,540). In the same way that humans construct their society and its value judgments, natural selection is a process created by the struggle for life. This means that natural selection is a process that requires life to exist. A eugenicist would seek to interfere in the making of life in order to produce a life that is better. And thus, eugenics strives to prevent the very life that makes conceivable natural selection-the possibility for evolution-from ever coming about. It is unambiguous that Charles Darwin, the father of natural selection, would never endorse a means to intervene in the highly conditional, random work of natural selection.In conclusion, at his time, many were outraged by Darwins theories. But what the most extreme misinterpretations of Darwin conclude abo ut his theory of evolution is that he would ever endorse a preemptive intervention in the unraveling of life. That is, Darwin cannot be read as ever endorsing a eugenics program, as natural selection is literally the process of pre-established life fighting and adapting with its unpredictable environment. Darwins conclusion is that man descended from a lower form of life, and is marked by a difference in degree not kind from other species. This is not to insist upon the interference in the advance or evolving of humans as a species, but rather privledges the fibre that chance places in the struggle for life. By paying close financial aid to some of the tenants of his thought, this paper has shown that Darwins Descent of Man is a work that in no way advocates eugenics. In fact, his work resists any call to think or calculated interference in human life.BibliographyDarwin, Charles. Descent of Man. Ed. Joseph Carroll. On the Origin of Species. Broadview Press, 520-600. Print.Certif ication of AuthenticityI certify that I have read the Statement on Intellectual Honesty for this course, agree to endure by them and herewith confirm that this essay is wholly my own fresh and original work except where I directly quote from or allude to other sources, in which cases these sources are acknowledged through the use of full bibliographic citations and in no cases are the words of other writers placed in my essay verbatim without a clear attribute that they constitute direct quotations.Signature ___________________________

The Theoretical Studies Of Organizational Culture Commerce Essay

The Theoretical Studies Of Organizational tillage Commerce EssayThe term ending has been use by anthropologists to imp solve to the customs and rituals that societies develop oer the history. It has also been used by both(prenominal) organisational researchers and managers to refer to the climate and practices that government activitys build up approximately the espoused value and credo of an organisation. ( Edgar H. Schein, organisational husbandry and drawing cardship p7).(Hofstede et al. 1990) define refinement as holistic and that involves a queen-sizedr chemical assort of individuals.He asserts that Culture is historicall(a)y relate it is an emergent phenomenon and is conveyed d maven customs and customs and that citizenry guide to move over on to their ideas, sort out and traditions.Culture is non something inherent to a expectanter effectover learned and it is forgiving made. It is sh ard by a group of people.Culture is build upon interactions amids t people, who atomic number 18 sharing determine and beliefs to produce behavioral norms.According to Trompenaars (2003 26) Culture is necessary for human, it is want a guide. The flori husbandry al minuscules to the human to perk up norms and set the assimilation plays an all- weighty(prenominal) social function in argument sector.Culture is learnt and passed on from extension to generation it belongs to adept group in finical and it crops the behavior of group members in uniform and predictable federal agencys (Mead 1998, p.4)A finale is a sourceful determinant of group behavior and is setted up by the counselling employees operate and be harbors in the work give.Culture is considered a powerful, enduring and distri exclusivelyive influence on human behavior through the companionableization do within a stopping point individuals learn the norms and expectations of membership of that caller the pay and wrong of doing things. (Cartwright and cooper,1992). The refinement creation is not exactly deep but also wide and mazy (Schein, 1992).The onion diagramAccording to Hofstede (2001) shade appear in numerous levels of depth such as symbols, heroes, rituals, and values.The source three layers, symbols, heroes, and rituals represent the layers of flori socialization that atomic number 18 visible to outsiders. These be the practices of a given ending but their pagan meaning may not be obvious to those who atomic number 18 not a part of that finish hofstede(2001 108).Symbols be words, gestures, pictures and objects that hold a particular meaning only recognizable by people who sh be the same market-gardening. The words in a language or jargon belong to this category, as do dress, hairstyles. New symbols atomic number 18 easily developed and old whizzs disappear (Hofstede, 2001).Heroes are persons, a get going or dead, real or imaginary, who possess characteristics which are super prized in a certain socialisation, and who serve as models for behavior (Hofstede, 2001).Rituals are collective activities, technically superfluous in r individuallying desired ends, but within a tillage are considered as fondly essential. Rituals are also ways of greeting and paying respects to separates, together with social and religious ceremonies for example (Hofstede, 2001).Symbols, heroes, rituals are considered as practices.The union of socialization is arrive at by values.Values are broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others. Values are smell outings with an arrow on it they have a plus and a minus side (Hofstede, 2001). They deal with evil vs. good, flyblown vs. clean, ugly vs. beautiful, abnormal vs. normal, irrational vs. rational, and so forth(Hofstede, 2001).Values are one of the premier things that children learn unconsciously and implicitly.Because they were acquired early, many some other(prenominal) values remain unconscious to those who hold them. as a result, they ch iffoniernot be discussed nor locoweed they be chairly detect by outsiders , They keep only be inferred from the way people act under various circumstances (Hofstede, 2001).Definition of bodied farmingThe concepts of organisational culture and in corporeald culture can be debated to hold contend views although the concepts oftentimes are used inter departable in literature.A embarrassment of definitions of in integrated culture exist in the constitutional theory literature. Anthropologists have proposed at least 164 antithetic definitions of culture (Howard, 1998).Although all the theorists believe in the importance of the culture in the organizational studies but Very circumstantial consensus exists with regard to a general theory (Sorensen, 2002). There is still no Generally agreed definition of the concept or dominant agitate of view itself but rather a richer mixture of ideas and approaches.The study of organizational culture indicate the way people are living a nd functional together.Nahavandi and Malekzadeh (199880) state that culture is the beliefs and assumption shared by members of an organization. The term culture is often used as if companies do have only one culture, but in reality around companies do have to a greater extent(prenominal) than one set of culture.Similarly, Krystek (1992) confirms that in that respect are contrasting cultures in several(predicate) parts of an organization. Alike, Buono Bowditch (1989) assert that in most big companies, there is more than one unified corporate culture.In other words, the organizational culture affects practically all cheeks of organizational life (Buono 2002 Cartwright Cooper, 1996).Barney(1986) define culture asa complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way in which a firm conducts its business.Harrison and Stokes (1992) guide culture is to an organization what personality is to an individual. It is that distinctive constellation of beliefs, values, work styles and relationships that specialize one organization from another(prenominal).OReilly and Chatman (1996, p.166) define organizational culture as a set of norms and values that are astray shared and trueheartedly held passim the organization. Values define what is important and norms define appropriate attitudes and behaviors for organizational members. OReilly and Chatman (1996, p.160).Sadri and Lees (2001, p.853) states that the corporate culture originates from the fact that the individuals privileged an organization have different heathen or social backgrounds. Inside an organization they together build up norms and rules which results in a corporate culture.Schein (1988, p.9-10) emphasize that in a confederation where there are only one or a some individuals in the organization they create the organizational culture solitary on their own beliefs. In larger organizations the culture is heavily depending on the motive or the stronger people inside the o rganization, often people who have worked there for a long time or guidance.A quotation from Lee, Kim and Yu (2004, p.340) deck the corporate culture, a popular expression used for describing a particular work practice inside an organization.The way we do things around here.The culture does not only contain of one assumption or one belief, the culture is constructed by all the common assumptions and beliefs which the members of the organization have. (Hatch, 1997, p.213 and Schein 1988, p.9-10)According to Edgar Schein(1992), a noted MIT Professor of Management, researcher and author in the area of organizational culture defines culture in his classic book organizational culture and a leadership as a pattern of shared basal assumptions, invented or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external adaption and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered sound and therefore is taught to new members of the group as the correct w ay to perceive, mobilize and feel in relation to those problems.Furthermore, he define that cultures inside organizations consist of three different levels, assumptions, values and artifacts.According to (Hatch.1997, p.210) these three levels affect and fall upon the culture inside an organizationArtifactsThe artifacts are the tangible things which the organizational members have constructed (Hatch, 1997, p.216).Artifacts are the visible elements in a culture. It is important to know that although the Artifacts are tangible and can be easily discerned but are awkward to understand by people not part of the culture. They are at the outer limit of the culture and therefore easy to misinterpret, as they often are individuals reflections of the assumptions, they do not have to represent the core of the culture (Hatch, 1997, p.217 Schein, 1988, p.11).Artifacts can be dress codes, furniture Through a cover of realization, artifacts take on the symbolic meaning of the organizations va lues, work climate, work processes, etc.Espoused valuesEspoused values are the second level which affects the organizational culture, it consists of the social principles and goals set by members of the group.The values could be represented by the philosophies, democracy, tradition or other principles which the members endorse of or believe in. (Hatch, 1997, p.214 Schein 1988 p.9) Norms are a part of values, and these are the unwritten rules which exist in the organization. The norms express what is pass judgment from the members and how they should behave in certain situations. The values are an extension from the assumptions, and serve the culture more alive (Hatch, 1997, p.216 Schein 1988, p17)AssumptionsSchein (1988, p.9-10) claims that assumptions are the ground and core of the organizational culture, which could be seen as the beliefs inside an organization. The assumption represents the reality which the members inside the organization wear as true and what they perceive as important. This constructs the truth which permeates arena the organization .They are difficult to discern because they exist at a largely unconscious level.(Hatch, 1997, p.217) claims that the assumptions affect all the other levels. Members from the organization create values and artifacts which symbolizes the ethnical core as they are based on the organizations assumptions.Smircich (1983) covers the same ground as Schein, but in five stages.Lees (2003) has capable the theories from Schein and Smircich and conducteda model of culture that is especially relevant for mergers and acquisitions (see table 2-1). pursuance the viewing of the different definitions of corporate culture, we can sum up that corporate culture is a philosophy or norms that guide an organizations policy or the climate in which members of that organization act together and work together. bodily culture in mergerOrganizational culture is an important aspect in shaping individuals commitment, productivity, a nd longevity with the organization (OReilly, Chatman Caldwell, 1991).An organizations culture helps to shape and insure the manner of conduct by the members and the practices inside the organization that lead to success. it can be considered as a driver of workforce behavior.It has a remarkable impact on the way employee feel, think, act and make decision.In todays business world, corporate culture has a amply influence and become an important issue in organization because its play a vital habit in the success and motion of goals that why it is important not to switch off or neglect it while planning and executing mergers and acquisition .The concept of corporate culture must be understood in govern to allow managers to describe and understand any organization and keep ply community together to achieve its organizational goals and objectives.An effective corporate culture is a remarkable competitive advantage and the find out to organizational effectiveness in MA. Organ izations that strongly align their organizational culture to maintain their business strategies have a tendency to outperform those organizations whose strategy and culture are not aligned.The corporate culture is perceived when companies merge can be compared to what culture is to an organization what personality is to an individual.When 2 dissimilar organizational cultures are brought together typically the case in mergers and acquisitions we can expect only two outcomes it will produce discomfort and end up with a cultural clash or both cultures will fit apiece other under the umbrella of one unifying culture.Strong cultureRobbins, S. P., (1998) specify a strong culture is one that is internally consistent, is wide shared, and makes it clear what it expects and how it wishes people to behave. Kaufman, (2002) stated that a substantiative organizational culture reinforces the core beliefs and behaviors that a leader desires while half-heartedening the values and actions the le ader rejects. Peters and Waterman (1982) indicates that a negative culture becomes toxic, poisoning the life of the organization and hindering any future potential for growthStrong culture exist where employee react to incentive because of their alignment to organizational values. on the contrary, there is a Weak Culture where there is secondary alignment with organizational values and control must be exercised through extensive procedures and bureaucracy.Kilmann, Saxton, and Serpa, (1986) defined strong cultures as those where organization members place pressure on other members to adhere to norms. Byrne, (2002) indicates that a strong organizational culture will exercise more influence on employees than a weak one. If the culture is strong and supports high ethical standards, it should have a very powerful and positive influence on employee behaviour.the corporate culture is divided into strong culture and weak culture. Strong culture takes place in organization where staff res ponds to stimulus because of their alignment to organizational values.Certainly, strong organizational cultures are those where the core values of the dominant culture are strongly believed by the great majority of organizational members. On the contrary, weak culture exists where there is little alignment with organizational values and where the control must be exercised through extensive procedures and bureaucracy. Strong cultures in which the key values are pro put inly held and widely shared have a greater influence on employees than the weak cultures. The more employees accept the organizations key values, the greater is their commitment to those values and the stronger the culture is.Strong culture vs weak cultureQuantitative outline has shown that firms with strong cultures outperform firms with weak cultures by facilitating coordination and control, emphasising common goals and increasing employees efforts (Kotter and Heskett, 1992 Gordon and DiTomaso, 1992).a strong cultu re enhances an organizations ability to execute its strategy (Tushman and OReilly, 1997).In an organization with strong culture, employees are more prepared to take responsibility and meet their mission within the organization with enthusiasm.Strong organizational culture serves to go away group members with a way of giving meaning to their daily lives, mountain guidelines and rules for how to behave. ( Schein, 1991, p. 15. )The types of corporate cultureFour types of organizational culture were proposed by Harrison (1972) and used in Cartwright and Cooper (1992) work.The Understanding of an organizations culture permits to chance upon cultures and classify them by making comparative overview.The type of corporate culture classify organizations by a set of characteristics that describe how employee interact with each other what are incentive and rewarding system that motivated the workers to furnish their commitment and takings in order to attain the underlined goals .Type 1 m ightiness culture.It is characterized by the concentration of power in the hand of a single or small group of individuals (the president, the founder, a key of manager) .in this type of culture, Culture is grand and control is the key element and it is common in small entrepreneurial organizations or family tradition business. Reward systems are often inequitable as they are influenced by personal preferences.Employees are motivated by feelings and a sense of personal of committal towards their boss or owner because powerfulness cultures tend to have inequitable compensation systems and other benefits based on favoritism and loyalty, as well as performance.Employee demonstrated their loyalty quest the reward due to out a fear of punishment.Decisions are modify around one key individual element and tend to be based on hunches and past successes as on logical way of thinking.Type 2 Role culture.Today this type of culture is common in almost organizations.Culture is highly autocra tic and it is based on logic, rationality and search of effectiveness.There is an obvious division and specialization of grind and the culture is results-oriented. The procedures and regulations are distinctly defined.Organizations are split into various functions and each person within the function is giving a particular purpose that has to be executed.This type of culture tends to be inflexible and slow to change due to the high microscope stage of formalization. This culture can be undergo by employees as impersonal and frustrating.Type 3 Task/achievement cultures.Emphasize on the accomplishment of the task and problem solving with success being judged on the achievement. The culture is team-oriented as individuals are gathered around and committed to work in teams for a specific task. The structure is vigorous and flexible depending on the given task . Employees are flexible, creative, and highly autonomous.Employees are respected for their knowledge and valuable skills ra ther of their hierarchical seniority.People tend to be creative and the working environment is generally satisfying.Type 4 Person/support culture.It is characterized by egalitarianism. Person cultures are commonly found in charities or nonprofit organizations.Organizations with a person/support culture have minimal structure and decision making is carried out on a shared collective opinions. The managerial style is supportive and alert to respond to individual needs. Furthermore, information is shared collectively. Decision-making occurs after discussion of all involved members and with their consensus.Organizational versus National CultureThe purpose of this paper is to read what is the difference surrounded by content and organizational culture and how they are related to each other?What is appropriate in one content background knowledge is wholly offensive in another. What is rational in one interior(a) setting is wholly irrational in another. And, corporate culture neer trumps topic culture.Dr. Geert HofstedeIn this part, we focus an insight regarding the cultural aspect of mergers and Acquisitions and to identify the role and the differences among field cultures and corporate culture.Due to the globalization and outside(a) trade, many mergers and acquisitions are now crossborder, which imply to give a dish out of attention to internal cultures that differ from country to another.After an MA transaction, many acquired companies experience many cultural issues possibly because their employees do not like the acquiring caller-outs way of doing thing.Lees (2003) claim that corporate culture is seen as a subculture of the national culture with visible points of distinctiveness and large parts of concealed similarities. Therefore, the organizational culture is divided into the organizational climate (as superficial part) and the national culture (the deep culture part).National culture can be noticed in human interactions and organizations, wher eas corporate culture can be related to the environment of business organizations.The common values, customs, practices and behaviors of people groups differ widely betwixt countries therefore employees bring their cultural inheritance inside the keep company. all this components that exist outside the company, in the national culture, exist also inside the company as well.Additionally, in cross borders MA the culture of the company reveal peoples values and beliefs, which found its basis in the national culture.Organizations are small and tiny entity with a distinct structure including a set of basic norms, values and assumptions, which are reflected in a variety of patterns of actions by employee and subcultures of the wide national culture.There are different subcultures in one culture. According to Lees (2003), the best manner to make a difference between national and organizational culture is through sorting out organizational culture as subculture of national culture.Researc hers often consider organizational culture as the micro context and national culture as the macro-context in which employees operate.In the same way, Hofstede et al. (1990) state that organizational cultures should be distinguished from national cultures others assert that national culture must be consider along with corporate culture (Scott and Meyer, 1994 Sagiv and Schwartz, 2007 Dickson et al., 2000). The prevailing judgment in researches has been leaded by cross-national comparison based on the hypothesis that culture is principally identical to nation.The observations of Nancy Adler (1983 International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior) drive out the myth that organizational culture can Moderate or even erase the influence of national culture a faith often found within large global corporations and concluded that national culture outweighs organizational culture.(Lees, 2003269) affirm To unfeignedly understand the organizational culture in a foreign target, acquirers com mencement ceremony need to Understand the national culture .According Dr. Geert Hofstede, there are differences between national and organizational cultures.-The national culture is related to our deeply held values regarding and change slowly over the course of generations. -in contrast, Organizational culture is comprised of broad guidelines which are rooted in organizational practices learned on the job.The difference between national and organizational cultures is that the differences between national cultures are mainly found in the values of the different cultures, whereas differences between corporate cultures are mainly found in the practices between different companies. (Hofstede, 1991) just about authors as Hellriegel Slocum (1993), and Schein (1999) state that corporate culture is a system of shared values and beliefs that are common to the members of an organization. Hofstede (1997) argues that the core of organizational culture is not values, which he attributes to nat ional culture, but shared perceptions of daily practices because an organization is not a nation.The main difference between organizational and national cultures is the role that manifestation of culture, presented in the onion diagram as practices, play in each level (Hofstede, 1997) because Values are acquired early in the life, from family, school, skirt environment. Practices are learned later, when already as an adult people come to the fore working (Hofstede, 1997).In the process of merger and acquisition, what is often disregarded and decry is that the differences between cultures may create managerial challenges for the new entity mingling employee from different cultures.For example in the merger, people from different cultural backgrounds and national cultures can be socialized into the culture of the merged company, and therefore follow the corporate culture, but if the corporate values are contradictory and counter the national cultural values, employees will be resis ting the companys corporate culture.Since the corporate culture is argued to be deeply embedded in the organizations history and in the behaviour of the employees, corporate culture creates difficulties when implementing change in MA (Lees, 2003). Melewar and Wooldridge (2001) argue that corporate culture cannot be easily manipulated. Laurent (1986, in Weber et al., 1996), on the other hand, argues that it is feasible to change artefacts and values and beliefs, but it is not possible to affect the primal assumptions because they are derived from ones national culture.However, researchers have demonstrated that organizational and national cultures are different constructs with distinct contents and influences (e.g., Bartunek, 1984 Hofstede et al., 1990 Sackmann, 1992 Chatman and Jehn, 1994 Numic, 2008).(Hofstede et al., 1990) found evidence for this in a study conducted across 20 Danish and Dutch organisational units ,His research showed that organizational cultures differ mainly a t the levels of symbols, heroes and rituals.This stream of literature recommends distinguishing between national culture and organizational culture.Finally, National culture can be seen as one of the most Influential factors that determine organizational phenomena. The company corporate culture reflects to a large extent the national culture of which the company is part (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003).Hence, The differences between corporate and national cultures can lead to cultural clashes .National cultureMerger and acquisition join two companies reflecting two different national cultures.Many differences can be established between national cultures because those cultures are shaped by common experiences, beliefs and organizations, national values and orientationsIn MA, national culture is more apparent to strangers because local people are not conscious of their own culture And employees are not willing to change their ways of doing things.Thats why its essential for the acquiring company to understand the national culture of its target because it will be face-saving during the acquisition while the acquirer have to plan the integration as well as shaping the corporate culture together (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003).The culture of a nation where a company is set up influence many business variables For example differences in the organizational structure and coordination, go and reward system.People carry their cultures, ways of thinking and behaving, with them into the work place (Hofstede, 1997). The ways in which a firm typically deals with aspects of organizing its business activities sidetrack largely in different countries and these variations have been shown to be in direct association with national cultural exceed between organizations in different countries (Hofstede, 1997).Kogut and Singh (1988) define national cultural distance as the peak to which cultural norms in one country are different from those in another country. A landmark in the res earch of national culture, and cultural differences, is Hofstedes (1980) work on comparative culture, where he conducted a field survey of over 116 000 IBM employees across 40 countries.Hofstedes theory on national culturesHofstede (198021) defines culture as collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another and proposes that cultural differences between nations can be described and differentiated along five dimensions.Hofstede (2001) created a model through a study in 50 countries, which depicts five dimensions of cultures. This model emphasizes power distance, uncertainty, avoidance, masculinity and individualism.(Salter, LewisValdes2004, Phatak et al 2005, GerhartFang 2005,ArdichviliKuchinke 2002)Power DistanceThe first dimension relates to the degree of equality/inequality between people in the society.Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expe ct and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 2005, p46). Hofstede (1997) argues however,that Power and inequality are extremely key facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. Some countries differ in the way it handles inequality.In the power distance index (PDI) a high level suggests that there is a large power distance between subordinates and bosses in organizations.A low score, on the other hand, indicates small power distance and that thereis a limited dependence of subordinates on bosses (Hofstede, 1997).In lower power distance the superiors are more approachable while in higher power distance there is a emotional distance between subordinates an d bosses. individuality versus CollectivismThe second dimension focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships.Individualism is in soc ieties in which the ties between individuals are loose it refers to the extent to which everyone is expected to pay heed after himself and his immediate family. Collectivism, is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups refers to the group societies in which people from birth and onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive ingroups, which throughout peoples lifetime continue to protect the in exchange for unquestioned loyalty (Hofstede, 199751).As an example management in an individualistic society is the management of individuals. If incentives for example are given these should be linked to an individuals performance, not to the group as in a collectivistic society (Hofstede,1997).Masculinity-FemininityThis dimension regards the degree of importance of relationships versus tasks(op citp.119).Hofstede (199782-83) argues that masculinity pertains to societies in which social gender roles are clearly distinct and femininity pertains to societies in which social gen der roles overlap.In male societies, recognition, advancement and a challenging work are the factors Hofstede (1980) finds to be the most important. Whereas having a good working relationship with your superior, cooperation, employment security and to live in a desirable area are the most important factors for feminist societies (Hofstede, 1980).This dimension pertains to the degree societies reinforce, or do not reinforce, the handed-down masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power.A high Masculinity score indicates that a country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation. In such cultures, males tend to dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure.A low Masculinity score means a society has a lower level of differentiation and inequity between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society.Uncertainty AvoidanceThe fourth dimension Hofstede (1980) investigated concerns the tole rance of equivocalness in different societies. He refers to it as uncertainty avoidance which can be defined as the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Hofstede, 2005p.167). One of the key differences between weak and strong uncertainty avoidance is the establishments of law and rules, where cultures with weak uncertainty avoidance have few and general la

The Overwhelming Atmosphere in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Overwhelming Atmosphere in Macbeth The atmosphere looms heavy in William Shakespeares tragical play Macbeth. However, there are some brief, contrasting moments. In this paper we shall dwell on this dimension of the playwrights work. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy comments on the contribution of the imagery to the atmosphere of the play The vividness, magnitude, and violence of the imagery in some of these passages are characteristic of Macbeth almost throughout and their influence contributes to coordinate its atmosphere. Images like those of the babe torn smiling from the breast and dashed to death of pouring the sweet milk of concord into hell of the earth thrill with fever of the frame of things disjointed of sorrows striking heaven on the face, so that it resounds and yells out like syllables of dolour of the mind lying in vigorous ecstasy on a rack of the mind full of scorpions of the chronicle told by an idiot, full of sound and fury -- all keep the visua l sensation moving on a wild and violent sea, while it is scarcely for a moment permitted to dwell on thoughts of peace and beauty. (309) Charles Lamb in On the Tragedies of Shakespeare comments on the atmosphere surrounding the play The state of sublime sense into which we are elevated by those images of night and horror which Macbeth is made to utter, that portentous prelude with which he entertains the time till the bell shall strike which is to phone call him to murder Duncan, - when we no longer read it in a book, when we take in given up that vantage-ground of abstraction which reading possesses over seing, and come to discipline a man in his bodily shape before our eyeball actually preparing to commit a muder, if the acting be true and fulgurant as I have witnessed it in Mr. Ks performance of that part, the painful apprehension about the act, the natural longing to prevent it while it yet seems unperpetrated, the alike close pressing semblance of reality,give a pai n and an uneasiness . . .. (134) In Fools of Time Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye shows how the atmosphere is altered for the better at the end of the play This theme is at its clearest where we are most in sympathy with the nemesis. Thus at the

Blockbuster Video Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

The motion picture letting industry was integrity of the more ontogenesis service retailers in the mid-1990s. However, due to megahit, many rental video companies confirm failed to compete against this category killer. West slide Video, Video City, and Hollywood Video, which ar among the few and only large competitors of megahit in the tri-state area. Many family-owned video rental injects could not compete against blockbusters assortment of videos. megahit opened its first store in 1985 and has big(a) to become the worlds consider one video chain. Blockbuster is open 365 days a year with 9,800 stores worldwide. Customer base has go above 50 million in the United States as swell as several million more worldwide. The G in allup Organization, known for the Gallup Polls, declared that Blockbuster has 100 percent recognition. Most importantly, 70 percent of the population in the United States lives at heart ten minutes of a Blockbuster store. family line killers, however , usually attract customers from far distances. Because virtually customers are ten minutes away, small businesses in competition will fail. A recent trade campaign has been the promotion of DirecTV, a digital satellite service choice to cable television. Also, an alliance with Radio Shack has been in effect promoting in the buff technologies. To compete against the up rise of online rental services, Blockbuster has been testing online rental services which allow customers to reserve and rent videos from specific stores. The other services retailer is West bound Video, a Philadelphia-based gild that was once a supreme challenger to Blockbuster. West Coast Video was at one point, New Jerseys largest video rental chain in 1997. That preceding year, the company acquired stores from Palmer Video, Super Video, and Great American Video. It became the fourth largest video chain with close to half of its 568 stores in New Jersey. However, the company has some 225 stores to avoid going out of business. This year, West Coast has closed most of its North New Jersey stores, including this analyzed store. The West Coast store has been bought out by Video City, a recent competitor difficult to tackle the Northeast market. However, they only operate a small number of stores in the area and specialize in e-commerce. They have no selling strategies as of yet. The Blockbuster store is located in Nutley, New Jersey, a... ... whitethorn become a nuisance to a customer. Overall, Blockbuster, is very appealing, especially the Nutley store. Its large location is very attractive comparable to East Coast Video location. Blockbusters overall domination has 3 Blockbuster locations within ten minutes of each other the other devil are located in North Arlington and Clifton. Another advantage is that Blockbuster members can rent at any location because the stores are all linked together. Movies, however, must be returned to the store where it was originally rented. East Coast Vid eo, on the other hand, has only one other location in Kearny and the stores are not linked. Blockbusters strength has been great service, family values, and fit pricing as opposed to East Coast Video. However, they are a fairly new company. Video Citys strategy is to run across the adult film rental category and attract loyalty within these customers. Their website, however, offers only the sale of videos and does not provide information about the companys history whereas Blockbuster takes pride in their socially trustworthy efforts. Its very hard to avoid Blockbuster because of the availability of products, service, and convenience.

The Existence Of God Essay -- Religion Theology Essays Papers

The Existence of immortalWorks Cited Not IncludedFor centuries, the idea of paragon has been a part of mans report. Past andpresent, there has al flairs been a divers(prenominal) integration consisting of the acceptrs and the non-believers of theology. The group of those who pee-pee faith in paragon run to be associate to one religion or an different. On the other hand, theskeptics find the existence of theology somewhat puzzling and try to try the answersthrough scientific methods. Even as of today with all the raw technologiesand the development of sciences, we still do not become a determinate answer to thequestion does God exist?Among legion(predicate) philosophers and scholars who have attempt to answer this question,we shall look upon Rene Descartes theory on the existence of God. In harm ofbelievers and non-believers, Descartes would be one of the believers. Before wego any further, we must confer upon several questions. What is God? Does Godexist? If such God does exist, past where does this being come from? Why dobelievers and non-believers hold on to their beliefs as they do? Whatsignificance does the existence of God have upon mankind? These ar only thetip of the iceberg amongst the vast array of unanswered questions related to God.Though there are so many uncertainties as we have just mentioned, theexistence of all other uncertainties in our world may explain why the existenceof God is so real to many multitude. For the believers, God provides a convenientanswer to all these questions except for the answers regarding God itself. Thefollowing are some of the general billets for the existence of God.The first argument comes from the theory of design there are orders in theuniverse which cant be occurring by mere chance. Secondly, the existence ofGod explains the arguments regarding the efficient causality as the worldexhibits orderly causal sequences, something had to start it all up. Thirdly that not the least, God provides an an swer to the question of the origin of lifeand its finale after death. ( For the sake of convenience, we shall borrowsome theological ideas from Christianity, the Christian God, to typify ourcomparisons.) As an example, God is the creator of all, and there is a place inheaven, a kingdom of God, for those who have faith in God. This helps believersunderstand their indistinguishability and alleviate the fear of ... ...inite faculties ofknowledge hold the potential of having mistakes.In the higher up discussion, I was trying neither to rise up nor disprove theexistence of God I was, however, trying to offer some skepticism upon statements which many people have claimed about the existence of God. AlthoughDescartes embraces quite a grand statement on the issues of God, I felt that hisbeliefs were biased towards his own perception and lacked es adduce in provingthat God exists to the point beyond reasonable doubt.I believe that neither Descartes nor modern science have been able tos uccessfully prove whether God exists or not.Whats really important, no matter whether such a being exists or not, isthat the ideology of God has certainly existed throughout the history of man.Moreover, the power of this ideology of God has proven to be overwhelming amongthe believers who have faith in its religion. Even for the non-believers or socalled atheists, the ideology of God has an effect and/or an influence on themin one way or another. On a larger scale, it is not an exaggeration to say thatour society is built on the ideology of God. What is your opinion? In God wetrust?

Free Native Son Essays: Society or Personal Responsibility :: Native Son Essays

Native intelligence Society or Personal Responsibility Does society make up good deal or do people create society. Does ones environs create a person or does a society create that persons surroundings, ultimately creating a fate for that person. There is a very interesting portrayal of this idea in a declare called Native Son by Richard Wright. It gives one an inside look on how a young African-American adult male grows up in the 1930s, how offense affects him and how his surroundings and society have created his life and fate. Bigger Thomas, the young man whos life is portrayed in this striking book, did non inevitably have homicide in his fate. However, throughout all the negative experiences Bigger has experienced, it is not surprising to one how he fell into his situation. Bigger grew up in poverty, without a father, with discrimination leaking from cracks in the walls of his familys one room let on infested apartment. He grew up on the south side, the black area o f town, where everyone lived in apartments such as his. This of course was not by choice but by white entrapment, and the oppression and slavery of African-American people and those morality and traditions which are still upheld in this country today. This is not to say that it is on the whole societys fault it is everyones fault through neglecting the obvious. However, crimson through poverty the south side may have been adapted to come together to create a basis, a stable dedicate for their children to grow up in. I am not blaming them, though. Racism was patently rampant and it may have been impossible to come together when everyone was agonistic to put themselves first. With the theories of racism and hate engrained into society, how easy could it be to break stark of discrimination and make something of yourself? Down here in Dixie we donjon Negroes firmly in their places (P.324). When so much effort is put into memory people separate and hating someone, for whatev er debate, it gives a person a reason not to care what happens to them in terms of their lives. If nobody else cares what you do, then why should you? I think this is what Bigger felt when he was growing up. I think he also saw white people as such a high power that he was unable to do anything about what he felt was wrong.

The Selfish Gene :: essays research papers fc

Creationism is a script& international ampere8211based view of human informant that states humans were created in their current form and get hold of not adjustmentd, or evolved, throughout the years. However the belief that our species has changed over era to suit our surround is considered evolution. As both sides possess strong evidence for their conclusions, the debate that cauline many years ago, even beforethe famous Scopes trial, has no reverse in sight. Recently state education boards in Kansas, Alabama and Kentucky have given school districts the opportunity to decide for themselves whether creationism will be taught, on with evolution, in their classrooms. Furthermore, the state of Colorado has dropped all questions on their standardized tests that furbish up to evolution. Conversely, on October 8th, 1999 &8230the New Mexico Board ofEducation voted overwhelmingly&8230 to limit the statewide erudition curriculum to the teaching of evolution (Janofsky 1).Creati onists refer to the Bible to explain that the creator developed the universe, including Adam and Eve. But, creationists also use science to disprove the theory of evolution. done the second law of thermodynamics, which states that a transcription is always heading towards disorder, creationists explain that there was once a time when the universe was more orderly and that singularity existed approximately 15 one million million million years ago. If this is true, where did this singularity come from? Creationists believe that only a tops(predicate)creator could have set forth this condition.           Although evolution is only a theory, it is widely pass judgment and isbased solely on scientific data. Through the second law of thermodynamics evolutionists believe that humans should continue in a pattern of disorder as are those things neglected in a system. However, humans have become more orderly and more accommodate for their environm ent, clearly a process that is carried out by gradual change over time. Through Charles Darwins The Origin of Species, published in 1859, the world was introduced to inbred selection andthe theory of evolution. In his autobiography, Darwin states It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could be explained on the supposition that species bit by bit become modified (118-119). This type of thinking in his times was extremely stem and unheard of, but throughout the years evolution has been explored further and accepted by most scientists. Further research into the origin of man be that genes were the maps by which humans change. In The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins states ".

A Semester of Work :: What I Learned From Work

The fall of my nineteenth year promised to be a desire sensation. For the first time in thirteen historic period I shew myself out of school. I was employed at the very(prenominal) mind dull job that I had held for the last three years. tour most of my friends were covering in school after their summer break, I was back at home after a year of reenforcement in a college dorm. The transition was not an easy one for me, and I looked upon my semester off with puny optimism. The previous fall was one of much much hope and excitement. At the age of eighteen, I was ready for college. I chose to ensure produce University, not far from my home, but still far withdraw from my former lifetime, as I was moving away from my parents and into a dorm. I was to attend State with two of my closest friends from high up school school, and live with one of them. My major was undecided, so I course of studyned on taking the familiar education requirements. I was quite unsure o f what college held for me, but was eager to fuck off out. It was not foresightful before I discovered that, for me, college held boredom and feelings of uselessness. bandage I enjoyed around of my professors and courses, I treated college precisely as I had treated high school. The game plan was to show up, do just enough lead to earn an A, and leave without gaining any pesky knowledge. skillful like in high school, I executed this plan first-classly, and order myself with a high grade point average and an even high level of ignorance. Eventually, this order began to wear on me. As I was accomplishing nothing, feelings of fault began to arise for the measuring rod of money my parents were pumping into my education. Damned by a backbone of self awareness, I realized that I was little more than a spoiled affright with time to waste. I finally began to look to the emerging and question where my life should lead. However, as I remained unsure of what direction I wanted to take, I became more frustrated than ever before. My solution? spark away from my problems. This brilliant idea initially manifested itself in a plan to travel the farming for a semester. A Semester of Work What I in condition(p) From WorkThe fall of my nineteenth year promised to be a long one. For the first time in thirteen years I found myself out of school. I was employed at the same mind numbing job that I had held for the last three years. While most of my friends were back in school after their summer break, I was back at home after a year of living in a college dorm. The transition was not an easy one for me, and I looked upon my semester off with little optimism. The previous fall was one of much more hope and excitement. At the age of eighteen, I was ready for college. I chose to attend State University, not far from my home, but still far removed from my former life, as I was moving away from my parents and into a dorm. I was to attend State with two of my closest friends from high school, and live with one of them. My major was undecided, so I planned on taking the general education requirements. I was quite unsure of what college held for me, but was eager to find out. It was not long before I discovered that, for me, college held boredom and feelings of uselessness. While I enjoyed some of my professors and courses, I treated college just as I had treated high school. The game plan was to show up, do just enough work to earn an A, and leave without gaining any pesky knowledge. Just like in high school, I executed this plan brilliantly, and found myself with a high grade point average and an even higher level of ignorance. Eventually, this method began to wear on me. As I was accomplishing nothing, feelings of guilt began to arise for the amount of money my parents were pumping into my education. Damned by a sense of self awareness, I realized that I was little more than a spoiled brat with time to waste. I finall y began to look to the future and question where my life should lead. However, as I remained unsure of what direction I wanted to take, I became more frustrated than ever before. My solution? Run away from my problems. This brilliant idea initially manifested itself in a plan to travel the country for a semester.

True Beliefs :: essays research papers

True beliefsRobert Frosts Minding Wall is written natural, as yet on that point are many things beyond the literal world of the verse form that can be taken out of context. The poem is about ii neighbors and a beleaguer between them and both of them excessively have various beliefs on why or why non the wall should be there. This paper will describe both the vocalizer and neighbors characters, and also pause an interpretation and analysis of a few specific lines from Robert Frosts, M mop up Wall poem, Then ending up with an over all analysis of the poems meaning.In Frosts poem there are two characters that have a rock wall which serves as their property line. The first character is the loudspeaker system, who seems to be kind and has an education, or at least much so than his neighbor. His intelligence is shown through his open-mindedness toward other peoples opinions, although he have sexs that changing his neighbors beliefs may be impossible. Also he is able to go dow n himself inside his neighbors point of view and this may be where the speaker comes up with the question why fences make adept neighbors. The speaker does not count there is a purpose for a wall between him and his neighbor, the speaker believes that fences, or walls in this case, will create barriers between friendships and also allows for redundant separation between people. Despite this belief that a wall is unnecessary, he still comes out every year and helps his neighbor mend the wall. The speaker would like to ask his neighbor the question why fences make good neighbors but the speaker wants to hear his neighbor say it himself. The speaker also says if he was building a wall he would like to know what he was walling in or out and to what or whom he needful to take offense to. This is where the speaker is trying to rationalize what purposes a wall would need to be built. The second character in the poem is the speakers neighbor, who is more than down to earth. He is a dec ent person but seems to wishing the intelligence of the speaker to accept any outside opinions. To prove this point, the neighbor repeats himself over and over by saying, Good fences make good neighbors, and will not to stray from this belief, a belief which came from his father and that he will not accept as being wrong.

Piercing :: essays research papers

A Piercing pure tone at SocietyIf it sticks out, pierce it is a motto for ashes piercing. In the past decade, personate piercing has steadily evolved to be set almost of a trendy fashion statement that is spreading bid Parkey throughout the American society. Body piercing is an American style fad. (Wattenberg) The influence of fashion is the just about powerful pressure there is. The once rebel art of body piercing done only by so called freaks of society is nowadays a trendy fashion practiced by many.The trend of body piercing was partially sparked by models and MTV. Piercing gradually shed its criminalize image and was mass marketed to the impressionable generationby music videos, vibrate stars, and models. (Leo) Piercings are also found on celebrities whose lives are so lacerated apart by the media that nothing is kept secret. News would eventually kick the bucket the public, which would spark a trend in admirers. Piercing also appears on the Tattoodles Doll in toy sto res, and as games on the Internet such as Piercing Mildred. Through these style of piercing has grown to conk accedeable by all ages from children means the playing with Tattoodles, to teens watching MTV, to adults on the Internet. Body piercing has excelled so much that it is now on a level referred to as body art along with tattoos. Piercing is part of the broader body modification movement.(Leo) It is figured that 1 out of 10 spate have a piercing some where other than their ear. Todays social standards are not what they once were. Society has begun to unstrain on what is viewed as the ideal image. It has gone from the conservative middle class play to the open-minded, anything goes creative look. The point is not to look like the crowd anymore rather to differentiate oneself and make a statement to the rest of society. whiz doesnt have to have the nicest or most business like look to get far. Society has a tendency to indefinitely relax its standards to accommodate even more bizarre and anti- social extremes of behavior. (Wattenberg)Piercing achieved mainstream mention in American society in the 1990s. More people began to accept it. One newspaper put it well It moved from societys margins to the mainstream. (Leo) Piercing used to be done by outcasts of society and was a lot looked down upon, but now, body piercing studios expand by about one studio per day.