The Souls of Black Folk by Du Bois Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Souls of Black Folk by Du Bois - Term Paper ExampleHe says in the book, One hesitates, therefore, to criticize a life which branch with so little, has d whizz so much. And yet the time is come when one may speak in all sincerity and utter courtesy of the mistakes and shortcomings of Mr. Washingtons career as well as of his triumphs, without being faultfinding or envious and without forgetting that it is easier to do ill than well in the world (Documenting the American South). Starting with the publicize of education, Washington had given the proposal of providing industrial education to blacks in order to alleviate their position in the union. Du Bois, however, held different views and criticized this proposal by saying that the education provided to blacks should non be industrial rather, it should be one which would form consorters and educators in the black community. He believed that this would prove to be beneficial in the enormous run and I believe he is right in sta ting this. The black community needed deal from among them who would continue to act for the rights of the blacks, rather than people who would only benefit their own surroundings. Education for African Americans would non only wee the social position of people better but also improve the views that others held roughly blacks. As Du Bois believed, educating the African American would also remove any misconceptions about the black race and would abet people recognize the contribution they were making to the society. Du Bois is also critical of Washington as he seems to abet the idea of submissiveness of blacks to the whites system. He does this by recommending that blacks give up three major privileges that stimulate them a earthshaking part of the society political power, i.e. the right to vote, civil rights and higher education. Without these things, it is non possible for African Americans to make economic progress and grow as a society. Without such rights, African Amer icans would not be able-bodied to look at themselves in a respectful way, let alone having others do so. Without an identity of their own, they would not be able to break out of their own shell and move higher up in the society rather, they will remain submissive all their lives. Washington was focused more on peacefully co-existing in a society dominated by the whites while Du Bois wanted to break this dominance and lead the African American community towards social, political and economic advancement. The policies of Washington seemed that he appeased the white status quo, kind of of improving that of the blacks. This was evident through the fact that he believed that the African Americans should retain their status as farmers, work on cash crops and continue living in the south. He discouraged them from moving up northerly and demanding civil rights. This makes us doubtful of his ability as a leader, as he did not sweat to improve the position of his people but rather helped them adjust to their circumstances. Du Bois criticized his views as he believed that blacks needed education, not economics, to prosper. With higher education, there would be higher paying jobs and hence a stronger position in the society coupled with economic equality and parity. This was put into words by Du Bois in the following quote If we make money the object of maintaining, we shall develop

E-marketing in UK Private Hospitals Dissertation

E-marketing in UK Private Hospitals - Dissertation ExampleThis research pull up stakes induce on providing an insight about application of e-marketing in the healthc ar sector of UK. In present days, net profit has become iodine of the major trends in caper and is being utilizationd widely in some(prenominal) sectors. Internet not only offers free exchange of in frameation, but is withal emerging as one of the dominant networks for business marketing. In the current era, meshing facilities atomic number 18 observed to deliver various sensitive opportunities for businesses, especially in terms of marketing communication. The online consumers can enjoy ranges of productions or services in to a greater extent reasonable prices and in more convenient manner. Today, E-marketing gives consumers an opportunity to gather information and choose the right product or services at the right time. Therefore, several new entrepreneurs as well as be small and medium size enterprises ar gon nowadays exploring the e-marketing services in order to improve their business operations and discover the new business opportunities. In service sector such as health c ar industry, financial establishments, hospitality and tourism industry are now using the e-marking extensively. The use of profit for collecting information has already become much significant in healthcare sector and will probably become more vital in upcoming days. The extensive Information and Communication engineering science (ICT) movement reveals changing demands on the healthcare industry with societal transformation, with rising life anticipation, with shifting form of illness, and with altering scientific competencies (Marrow, n.d.). In present days, the e-marketing, in hospitals of UK had observed impressive growth. Several hospitals in the UK reach initiated ICT in order to cope up with other businesses. The consumers are decent ever more promiscuous with uses of internet technology and are also purchasing ranges of products and services through it. Likewise, huge numbers of consumers are using internet in order to gain information about medical and health (Sanchez, 2000). In contrast with other organisations, hospitals in UK are experiencing a rapid friendship about using ICT. Traditionally, the use of internet as marketing in the healthcare industry was limited due to lack of knowledge about its advantages. Though these limitations have not ended yet, but hospitals in UK are now becoming more open-minded and conscious about the possible paybacks they can gain by using internet as marketing tool. Besides, implementation of internet as marketing in other industry had also contributed to this trend in hospital organisations. Even though for small organisations are unable to bear the cost of using E-marketing, but several large hospitals in the UK have recognised that the benefit for this expense are great once made-up. Similarly, several private hospitals are developing go od websites which can increase shuffling awareness, raise productivities and also to some extent save cost in other extents of business (Sanchez, 2000). 1.2. task Statement Presently, the healthcare industry is witnessing enormous challenges because of continuous increase in public demands. Private hospitals are under great stress of continuous improvement of services to the rising patients, habitually with insufficient funds. The hospitals are much cognisant about using e-marketing compared to other industries. However, the enormous challenges of hospitals relate to better productivity to wiretap inadequate funds and

Compare and contrast between Polish and American Christmas Holiday Essay

Comp be and contrast between Polish and American Christmas Holi mean solar day - Essay ExampleThe conflict of Christmas may have been earlier chosen to match with either the day exactly nine months after it is believed that Jesus was conceived, the date of the Roman winter solstice, or any one of the ancient winter festivals. The Christmas pass was e modifiedly a Christian vacation celebrated by most Christians but in juvenile successions it has seen a shift such that many non-Christians also celebrate or engage in the Christmas festivities. This day is also celebrated in different ways by different people, cultures and may have gift giving, church celebrations, special meals and tree decorations. In other areas it is taken as a measure to meet with family and neighbors and forgive each other of the past. Christmas is celebrated differently in different countries with traditions and customs that borrow it. Christmas in the in the United States is a massive phenomenon. It begi ns in November and ends in January. It is not a iodin day but a long period that culminates with the New Year celebrations. The entire period is associated with huge spending and festivities that most Americans engage into before the day of Christmas. During this time Americans decorate both the interior and the outside(prenominal) of their homes. As significant decoration that is popular with the Americans is the Christmas tree. These trees are cultivated before the Christmas holiday and families and businesses including the white abide order these trees that are then placed centrally in the home. It is then decorated with ornaments, tinsel and combust with a star placed at the very top of the tree. This star symbolizes the star of Bethlehem that is believed to have guide the wise men in locating Jesus (USIA). The Christmas Eve, which is the day before Christmas, experiences so many activities. The day is associated with Santa Claus or Father Christmas whom it is believed that he visits homes while children are sleeping. Father Christmas is believed to fill stockings that are hung on the blanket with gifts for the children. It is a tradition for children in the United States to leave a glass of milk and a photographic plate of cookies for Father Christmas as they go to sleep. This day is also important as people buy gifts, housecoat them and place them near the tree. These presents received from parents, friends and relatives are not opened until the Christmas cockcrow. During this day too, there is a special church service called the midnight mass, that is held during the night and people spend in the church. For families with small children candle light work are held for them and these symbolize the nativity of Christ (USIA). During the Christmas day, families open their gifts in the morning before they head for the morning service that is held to bear witness to the birth of Jesus. The whole day is usually filled with celebrations with parents and relatives spending time together. The evening is marked by a special Christmas diner where lots of a food course is served. For most American families sweet pastry, eggnog that is sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg are served. Other popular dishes served include casseroles the comeuppance are usually prepared with a family recipe that is usually kept a secret. Some of the snacks that are enjoyed during this time include nuts, cheeses and chocolates. Christmas holiday in polish resembles most of the aspects found in the American Christmas holiday however there are few exceptions for as it will be seen in the discussion. The

International Terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Terror - Essay ExampleHindu Chinese (Sinic) Orthodox African JapaneseThe Western currently, the west dominates each aspect of international activity from politics to economy since its been rattling active in establishing the international organizations like IMF, UN and WTO among others. For example, the west has 3 seats out of 5 Security Council of the United Nations. It also promotes IMF economic policies and enforces them on other states. Other emerging powers like mainland China leave behind not accept to be regarded as inferior or be imposed upon many institutions. Possible outcomes ar that nations will seclude themselves from western polices like N.Korea is doing band-wagon implying that nations will join nations that are on the rise in terms of values and institutions for example Turkey is joining the EU and lastly countries will seek to counter- balance in terms of military and economy against the west i.e. Modernizing and not Westernizing.Islam the Islam is increasing very dramatically and adopting the non western civilization and reiterating the quality of their own society. This does not means that Islamic nations wont modernize, but will do so in ways unreceptive to the western. This is because they control important anoint sources and are growing very fast demographically.Latin America this includes the nations of South America. The conflict from this will essentially from the religious point of view especially the Catholics and orthodox. However in other policies, the Latino Americans support the U.S policies which are aimed at strengthening international democracy, trade and investments. Brazil is considered a success in democracy.Hindu organized religion is what the Hindus and Arabs have in common that distinguishes them from the Africans and the west. This is a culture of religion that originates from India. India is described as a tear Nation by Huntington and its alignment could fall in the west vs.

Job Security between India and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job Security between India and Japan - Essay ExampleMoreover, the current extend will also execute the theoretical and practical implications of the IR transformation outlook.The laws of employment dominating India, the saucily industrialized country are of a safeguarding nature to the employees. They permit the policies of workers retrenchment or lay-offs but hardly with governments approval. On the other hand, the condition of labor in Japan, the advance-industrialized country, gives a differing outlook. The practices of labor, there, depict distinguishing aspects, of which, the nigh prominent is the lifetime employment. This assists the workers in the provision of beneficial behavior by hiring those schools, maintaining retaining, and developing them in the companies or organizations until they are 55-60 years. This provision of lifetime guarantee does not require the workers to sign any grumpy contract and is flexible towards the employees throughout their job.Various researc hes and studies regarding the employment security in India depict that the rate of unemployment in India is higher than that of Japan. The Indian Government is responsible to formulate the laws of industrial relations. Some of such IR laws paramount in India are worth mentioning in the context of the report. Moreover, the IR laws in India are distinguished by the Industrial Relations laws of other countries through the feature that it does not provide for trade unions to be admit as the collective bargaining agents.Under the TUA, only registering of the union does not give it the status of a legal and autonomous representative of the employees in the organization (Sarkar 2011). The Industrial Law makes it mandatory for the government to put in in tackling any disputes that emerge in the organizations and its activities. According to the provisions of the Industrial Disputes

Applied Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Economics - Essay ExampleAn independent Monetary Policy deputation was launched in 2012 as a subsidiary of the bank to take relevant action in articulate to eliminate or reduce operational risks with a mission of leveraging and increasing the resilience of the UK fiscal system (Buckley & Desai, 2011). The direction is also charged with supporting the economic policy of the government. Managing pretentiousness Types of inflation Demand-Pull flash In demand-pull inflation, inflation is solely caused by increases in hoard up demand. This inflation develops when the household, government, business and foreign sectors unitedly try to purchase more output than the deliverance is able to produce. Demand pull inflation results when aggregate demand increases beyond aggregate tag on causing shortages in the preservation. This type of inflation is can be sustained with an increase in the monetary base (Buckley & Desai, 2011). Cost-Push Inflation In, cost-push inflation, infla tion results from decreases in aggregate supply due to increases in cost of ware. This type of inflation arises when the cost of using labor, capital, land, or entrepreneurship rises. This means that the production possibilities edge is reducing in size closer to the origin, causing it to bump down against the aggregate demand. The ultimate result is inflation. ... Expansion of fiscal and monetary base cause excess demand and as a result, inflation increases. One of the key responsibilities of the bank of England is maintaining monetary stability. This means low inflation, stable prices and confidence in the UK silver. Price stability is defined by the inflation target set by the government, which the bank preys to stomach by the decisions taken by the Monetary Policy Committee. The Monetary Policy Committee is a delegation that consists of nine experts who meet every month at the bank to discuss and review the performance of the sparing and decides on the most effective way t o set the monetary policy to achieve the rate of inflation of 2% set by the government (2012). This committee votes on the bank rate at its meetings and decides whether it is chic to employ quantitative easing or not, and if so, how much money should be injected into the economy. The monetary policy committee makes its decision independently without the intervention of the government (Toporowski, 2012). The principal aim of the bank is to protect the value of the currency based on what it is able to buy-an increase in prices implies inflation, which lowers the value of the currency. The monetary policy is created to achieve this aim and developing a structure for non-inflationary economic growth. The monetary policy of the bank of England controls inflation by influencing the bear on rate at which money is lent and through quantitative easing (QE)-injecting money directly into the economy by buying assets. This implies that the banks mechanisms of managing inflation through moneta ry policy budges towards the quantity of money availed in the economy rather than the interest rate at which the bank borrows or lends money to

ExperienceBased Theory Critique Social Science Essay

ExperienceBased Theory Critique Social Science - Essay ensampleThe occurrence of the above mentioned fell mindset and how the same gets nurtured in an individual right from the its formative mount up could be explained through Gordon Allports theory of The formation of In Groups.The plague and its implications has to be made understood to all(prenominal) and every citizen of the nation right from the stage he or she starts getting the feel of the society and things that present been associated with it. The most great philosophy around which the whole act of crime and crime prevention hovers is that this crime is very more a manmade enigma and the perpetrators or the criminals are not born, they are developed in this society and later become a bane to the same society from where it has been developed. In other address it can be understood that crime is very much a human act and if we distribute protrude the civilization clause from the dictionary of human society and make i t equivalent to the savagery, this crime is not exactly something which can be preconditioned inhumane. Its something present in very nature of humans and they technically be in possession of every characteristic of an animal. It is a threat that is comparable to anything that has been faced by the society in a commission but is actually a very intelligent form of threat that waits for the opportunity to transform its world power into an act of crime under the influence of desire. Hence this phenomenon of crime is basically an action which involves at least(prenominal) two human beings with one being the perpetrator and the other one is the victim.Crime prevention is another(prenominal) part of the solution that has to tackle the social complexity of crime. Though the legal procedures and enforcement agencies are very much present to redress the occupation, they have miserably failed to provide something which will have some long term impact. They actually provide security eith er through prosecution or through prevention. Prosecution leads to freeze and a whole lot of legal procedures including the judgment and imprisonment. Prevention deals with stopping a criminal from committing something heinous. The plectrum of committing a crime is to be closed. Hence the target issue is the creation the hindrance for a criminal through wide spread tutelageary measures being implemented through every single phratry to any of the working place or public place present in the locality. The important pane is to shield oneself from being a victim. The crime and its different techniques have to be made understood to separately and every person. Right from the beginning i.e., during childhood, one should be made aware of the prevention procedures and the importance of it has to be made a part of the complete thought process. But still after this much precaution the outcome of these procedures has been found to be very much limited and the crime rate is on its way to rise and rise.The most important thing is to act against the cause that make a criminal or else than reducing the opportunities for him to commit some crime. We have to realize that this criminal has been developed from this society only and the problem is in the social pattern and due to these patterns we have to face certain people who have got out of the normal way of social life and are acting against the group of which it is a very important part. So the

Legalization of Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Legalization of Marijuana - inquiry Paper ExampleThe economic feasibility of decriminalizing marijuana has become a much-discussed subject in late years. The federal government presently spends a lot of capital on law enforcement to combat distributors and producers of drugs. By healthyizing drugs this could eradicate much of the profit, bloodshed and corruption of that trade. If legalizing drugs is to amaze a positive effect on the crime rate, drugs must be made both inexpensive and available. Studies have repetitively suggested that prohibiting marijuana in the U.S. has non shown to be efficient or effective. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, U.S. federal, state and local governments have fagged hundreds of billions of dollars trying to make America drug-free. Yet heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine and otherwise illicit drugs are cheaper, purer and easier to get than forever before. (England, 2006) According to a report in The Economist (Case for Legalization, 2001), c oncerns that a growing drug-using and dependent population would come forth if marijuana was made more available are false. Although the magazine acknowledges that the price of the drug is artificially high, it attributes this to the difficulties complex in circumventing the law. The authors of this report indicate that it is only because of the high cost and the difficulty to obtain it that more individuals have not experimented with it. Instead, they become addicted, either physically or psychologically, to other, often more prostituteful yet legal substances such as prescription medications or alcohol. To support their argument in favor of legalization up to now should the numbers of suspected users rise, the Economist article (Case for Legalization, 2001) draws on the theories of John Stuart Mill. Mills ideas were founded on the thought that adult citizens should have the right to make their own choices regarding whether or not to participate in exercise as long as it does no harm to others. This is a founding theory that has been mostly unattended in decisions made regarding alcohol and tobacco, both of which have proven to directly cause significant harm to innocent others, but has not been ignored regarding Class C substances such as marijuana. However, the arguments that more tidy sum would become regular users of the substance are unfounded. In addition to the fallacies of the anti-legalization side regarding increased use, the damage perpetrated on those involved with marijuana far outweighs the benefits achieved by current legislation and yet continues to exist. Poor countries where the drug is produced are quickly being overrun by criminals and thugs, people who make breaking the law on numerous levels. Because production and exportation is considered a criminal activity, the actual criminals are finding success rather than defeat. Individuals at heart the rich countries who buy the drugs are often otherwise productive members of society. Smoking marijuana, for medical or other reasons, is often their only crime yet they face a no tolerance policy that places them in prison, destroys their chances to continue being the productive people they were before and irreparably harms them in many other ways. beneath legalization, governments would be able to standardize the quality, regulate the ages

Between the Birksian theory and the traditional approach in the Dissertation

surrounded by the Birksian theory and the traditional approach in the English law of Unjust Enrichment - Dissertation ExampleIt is infallible to create delineation between the possible remedies that the law offers in face of financial loss, or the enrichment of one-sided beyond a reasonable measure of proportionality. The development of this principle throughout the centuries will be touched(p) upon in this analysis, as well as the simplification of the legal landscape regarding unjust enrichment based on the principle of absence of basis. Unjust enrichment is connected with the principle of restitution, which stands opposed to the principle of compensation. It is a way out of a remedy based upon the receive of one- start outy, or a remedy based upon loss to other fellowship. RESTITUTION A court-ordered attempt to make restitution requires the offending party to surrender gains into the hands of the complainant/claimant. (The defendant must grant reparations to an aggriev ed party in response to a loss which has occurred in a manner for which the defendant is found to be liable. The benefits or financial advantages accrued by the defendant atomic number 18 restored to the plaintiff based on an understanding of a legitimate claim to said benefits. In the case of contractual obligations the value of funds or properties include in the contract that will be included in the restitution judgment. Another situation in which restitution is appropriate would be the vindication of piazza rights which cod been abrogated by some action or failure to take action on part of the defendant. (Graham, 2006). Issues of restitution pertaining to unjust enrichment often hinge upon whether a contract exists in reality, or whether it is simply implied in assumpsit as an outgrowth of other legal processes. Situations or countries where implied contractual obligations are nonbinding challenge the premise of restitution or unjust enrichment. Here the principal issue beco mes one of misrepresentation of the legal obligations and subsequent remedies mandated under principles of restitution. (Indian Contract Law, 1872) COMPENSATION Compensation represents payment for damages as deemed appropriate by the court. Damages outhouse take the form of injuries or violations of duties based upon pre-existing legal obligations, or as a topic of tort law. A principal difference between the gain in based restitution and loss-based compensation is that restitution would require reparation for gains that should otherwise have been shared by the defendant. Where compensation is required, and expectation of gain need not exist all that is acquired is the ability to demonstrate that actions (or negligence) on part of the defendant was outright attributable to injury, loss, or harm suffered by the plaintiff/claimant. Compensation is also appropriate in cases of dishonour of contract. If the defendant enters into a binding agreement to utilize the products or servic es of another party, and that secondary party is required to expend funds or resources in response to work that does not occur as ordered, or a purchase that is not perceived as agreed, then damages are appropriate. The claimant could have undertaken agreement with other parties, and the expenditure of resources without agreed-upon compensation involves the loss of those resources without the promised revenue. Where compensation is appropriate, the defendant need not needs have profited themselves, as would be the

To Shame or Not to Shame the Offenders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

To Shame or Not to Shame the Offenders - Essay ExampleTangney believes that rape dissuades the offender to be better. While reading this article, the main question that lingered in mind is how we can discourage criminal offence in society? In essence, it is crucial to shame individuals to discourage crime in the society. Well, unmatched way to discourage offenders from committing a crime is by imposing a structure where they meet that they provide reap what they sowed. Thus, this paper seeks to discuss why it is important to shame offenders so that they can focus on the negative effects of their behavior. I agree with Tangney article on how offenders argon likely to be guiltiness when imprisoned for life. As this article puts it, this may increase brutalization in society and increase the crime rate. The proceeding of imprisoning people to death may increase psychological problems and thus, this is likely to increase the rate of killing. The act is morally problematic and fl awed especially with the cost linked to it. Tangney (571) believes that society should work hard to break that offenders understand their negative constructive feelings. For instance, the government may create a platform where offenders understand the awe-inspiring impact they bring to others. Tangney believes that this would prevent people from committing the crime without having to imprison them for life.However, I believe that most offenders are selfish and they do not care almost the person they are harming. For instance, one would go into a jewelry store and steal an expensive necklace. I believe that such a person understand the negative consequences of his behaviors to others. In other instances, sex offenders are selfish and do not care about the consequences of their negative behaviors. They ignore the fact that the person they are sexually assaulting can be sexually septic or become pregnant. Based on my analysis, I believe that most offenders are fully alive(predicat e) of their actions and how they affect others. With this, I believe that offenders should suffer for their wrongdoings and in the case of murder he or she deserves a death penalization (Cromie and Lynn 22). The measure of the punishments should depend upon the magnitude of the crime. The court should punish those in the wrong to deter crime in the society. Criminals should be punished for the wrongdoing and capital punishment or the death penalty should be imposed on those convicted of a severe crime. Capital punishment is justified to a republic as it deters murders from killing innocent people.

Delta air lines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Delta disperse lines - Case Study ExampleThree of the most important factors be innovation, quality and inventory reduction. message values include safety, high service quality and client wants and needs. In order to improve logistics, the telephoner is aimed to concent invest on doing business with former(a) carriers which allow it to involve larger orders. Goals and objectives are aimed to improve its menstruum position on the market and increase profitability. A continuum of resource sustainability is to compose resources and capabilities characterized by their durability and imitability. financial goal is to increase sales and liquidity of business. The policy of safety adopted by airlines will be the main strategic criteria all over the next years (Delta airline News, 2006 Dove-Morse, 2004).Control of interest rates influences the fulfilment of consumer credit and hence the size of an individuals budget, as will levels of taxation. During periods of high inflation the go vernment should well premise measures to control prices on flights. The main factor is that airline industry operates on the international arena and a major influence on price is the currency exchange rate which fluctuates according to the state of the economy. increase tariffs and quotas force carriers to find smart ways to reduce transportation costs which lowing quality of their service. With profit margins collapsing, competitors are struggling to adjust. Unemployment rate is high in airline industry approximately 7,4%. During the period of recession unemployment rate was doubled reducing buying capacity of potential market (Delta Air Lines.2006). Technological forces generate problem-solving inventions. Airline target is on average as dependent on reliable information technology as any other businesses. Improvements in cargo ships and handling equipment, increasing containerization, applications of IT to scheduling and controlling shipments and to customs procedures, new plai ns, and a host of other technological advances and innovations have reduced the costs of services and information. On the other hand, airline technology cost is one of the highest among other industries. The culture and structure of Apple develop over time and in response to a complex set of factors. Today, customer service in airlines relies on reputation and trustworthiness and this no less true in the new forms of system-service. In fields such as package delivery and money management, consumers are seeking indications that their risks will be minimised or eliminated. For these kinds of consumer acts, customer service plays an essential role in assuaging the fears of consumers by projecting an image of trustworthiness and expertise.Delta Airlines has competitors, but they do not have a great influence on the companys revenue. The presence of substitute services give care trains, ships or automobiles transportation can lower service attractiveness and profitability as well as th e price levels. The events of 11/09 and recent crashes of Boeing planes occurred these years reduce the attractiveness of airline industry. The company has lost whatever $6.1 billion since the start of 2001 from its airline operations, according to First Call, which tracks corporate earnings(Isidore, 2005). Many potential passengers favor to use alternative transport even if it takes more time to get to the place of destination. In this case, the talk terms power of customers is crucial. In spite of the fact that

Leadership as privilege Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership as privilege - Essay Example(Zapke-Schauer, 2005)Definition of attractionship is not an easy subject. There are spelly things that have to be contendn into consideration if someone tries to fag the actual structure of lead. The pattern of leadership varies from person to person and, moreover, this pattern becomes clear when a leader passes through problematic situations. It is his/her moves, which define the pattern of leadership. The pattern also decides the direction in which the organization bequeath be moving. And, obviously, the matter of success is entirely based on it. (Northouse, 2006)Leadership is a topic, which may be found discussed in books, journals and other places where the critics talk about it. But, actually, it is a matter of practical experience. Popularity of leadership as a topic has main(prenominal)ly been caused by the development of some major companies in the world to a lower place some valuable leadership. Literature is a field where lead ership has always been praised. It is considered as a capital human activity in this field. In this article my point is to judge leadership in a business oriented field. Management is quite clearly related to leadership from this point of view. But on that point are some differences amid these two and sometimes there is also a conflict between them. Many of us have a wrong conception of what leadership is. That is why making enormous assertions about it goes completely in the wrong direction when a person is even not assured of what his topic is. Executive manager is a position of any company, which is wrongly taken to be the maculation of a leader of the organization. Leadership never means any designation. It can be seen in anyone startle from a manager to a labor. Vision is the main thing, which establishes a leader, and with this ability he/she can charter the others in the organization. (MacNamara, 2008 Nurmi, Kaynak, and Darling, 1997) To state it in a very simple way, leader is the person who can puzzle out the others present in the organization. Everyone has his/her own opinions but the leader is the person who decides the final step. This privilege is given to him/her as the person has proved the success earlier. To understand how a leader shows the way to an organization and motivates the other people, we shall take the example of Warren retort, the world famous businessman. We shall discuss how he guided Berkshire Hathaway to the companys huge success. Warren Buffet the great businessman was born on 30th August 1930 in Nebraska, USA. His father was a stockbroker and may be this had a great influence on Buffets interests. Columbia Business School was where Buffet had his education. after(prenominal) many struggle he established himself as the greatest investor the world has ever seen. His relationship with Berkshire Hathaway began in the year 1962 when he commenced buying stock in this company. Today, along with the companys growth, Berksh ire Hathaway has also made Buffet the richest man in the world crossing even the records made by none other than Bill Gates. bloody shame Buffet, Warrens daughter-in-law says that patience and wisdom are the keys to success for him. (Clark, 2007) Oliver Chace was the founder of Berkshire Hathaway and the company came into existence in the year 1839. The main reason why Warren Buffet is remembered in the scenario of Berkshire Hathaway is his strategy of investment and a great leadership in directing the company as a CEO. Many of the

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History - Essay ExamplePoes comic short story where its main property interestingly opposes typical notion of mystery attached to it by superstition. It feels like adventure is going to seminal fluid my way at any moment with this sagacious creature and I find myself soaked in an visual sensation of an elegant, lovely black cat that looks after the welfare of its master wherever the latter may be. Edgar Allan Poe, creation the author of The Black Cat would fill in the second notch since Im quite up to satisfying my rareness of his childlike poetic stance though majority of his works are known to possess forbidding themes. I suppose it would be amply wonderful to find out about the special reasons loafer his equivalent measures of inclination in detective-fiction and poetry. Perhaps, I could make him lead me to an inspiration of discovering how precious the treasure in writing is and exchange a few intellectual yet delectable verses of romance to figure how cryptical the literature and intelligent minds were during his time. Though it is rather unusual for me to acquire diversion in operatic theaters and shape dramatic plays, I would still sit next to Werther for my third choice. I believe this unique fellowship can be a potential source in engaging a different vagary of delight.

The Innovation of Prosthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Innovation of Prosthetics - Essay ExampleThat is, the substructure in the development of prosthetics is aimed at full-grown the amputee more control and feel over the device which makes him feel that it is as good as a natural body part. The whole evolution of prosthetics over the centuries is driven by the desire for improving the semisynthetic devices anthropomorphism (Pitkin, 2009). Anthropomorphism can be best defined as the expressing of human motivations and feelings in non-human entities (Clark, 2011). In this case, it is to allow the prosthetic to serve as an equivalent to the natural body part doing all activities and conks that could confine been commited with the natural body part. This report looks into the establishment in the field of prosthetics. It discusses the evolution of prosthetics over the centuries. The expected future developments in the field are also discussed along with initiatives taken to increase the awareness among volume. Evolution of Pros thetics Prosthetics has evolved from its archaic form to todays highly sophisticated form over the centuries. There have been legion(predicate) ideas and innovations that have been introduced in the field of prosthetics. Some of them have been very successful and they have been expanded clean forms and design. Fixed-position foot is an example of a successful innovation. On the other hand, some of them have not worked pop as anticipated and have been sidelined. The use of iron in prosthetics is an example of a poor innovation that did not work out. The very first prosthetics were the peg legs and hand hooks that were designed in and roughly 400 BC. These prosthetics have evolved over the years and lead to more advanced and sophisticated fittings and castings. Todays prosthetics are highly individualised to meet the specific needs of the person (Norton, 2007). The earliest of prosthetics rather than function mainly served the purpose of wholeness. They were made fibres. The next step in the innovation of prosthetics was the use iron and bronze. The center of attention of the prosthetics consisted of wooden and the exterior was made of bronze and iron. Slowly the prop of purpose was introduced (Norton, 2007). The purpose was still unsatisfying such as to enable the amputee to walk, hold shields in the battle, etc. The prosthetics served only one purpose and was not very effective and there was very little attention paid to function. Prosthetics were used mainly in battles for soldiers and only the rich and famous in the society could use hand hooks and peg legs for day-to-day functions. The next step in the evolution was the better designs and the use of gears and springs. The designing was boosted by the contribution from people of various trades. Watchmakers played an important role in the introduction of gears and springs in the prosthetics. This gave a new dimension to prosthetics as they were added with specific intricate internal functions. The pe riod of renaissance saw a rebirth of innovation in prosthetics. The mew materials such as copper, steel, iron along with wood were used in the make of prosthetics (Norton, 2007). Prosthetics were now designed with the intent to make it more easy and multifunctional. People now started using prosthetics to perform activities such as signing the name, opening the purse, removing the purse, etc. design features started to become a integral of prosthetics. Engineering features that made into the design of prosthetics were fixed positions, harness that could be adjusted, mechanisms that could control knee lock, etc.

The Complete Maus by Spiegelman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Complete Maus by Spiegelman - Essay ExampleThe quote mentioned above does not identify Vladek as heartless but defines the wo(e)ful incidents that forced him to believe this way. about analyzing the life of Vladek before the final solution, one can discover the continuous betrayal and deception at the men of those most trusted and loved by him. People close to his heart - Anja and Mala - made him believe that no one could ever deserve the trust he had. The war itself ripped his heart and the sufferings, miseries sent him down the highway of mistrust because he had absolutely no one he could trust. Vladek always honored and respected the confiscate he had with the people he loved. The simple kind attitude is showed towards Kapa whom he taught English for his own benefit. The pureness of his love can be proved by the suicide of Anja. He did not love Anja for the money she had or he did not leave her when she accused him of loving her for the money. Vladek was capable of lovi ng and helping others without each benefit or soulfulnessal gain. It was the depth of his love and care that turned him so cold later he lost everything. Vladek inability to spend money is another misunderstood indication. The recollections of the early(prenominal) where he reached a point of having not enough money to support himself and his family derived him to save money. Although he had enough money salve up with him, but the flashes of his past stopped him from expenditure money (H all(prenominal), 2003). Mala annoyance at Vladek for not spending money even on important things is prominent at some points but the sufferings made him authorize the value of money and he would never want to make his family go through any overweight times at any cost due to which spending money was committing like a repulsiveness to him. Mala and Art had hard time with Vladek when it came to cleanliness. His obsession with keeping everything around him neat and clean was considered as a v ery difficult trait to cope with by Mala and Art, who were constantly pushed to keep things clean if they created a jam (Koehler, 2009). Having analyzed the life he had at the war camps, one can easily register the reconcile cause. The obsession of cleanliness was just the fear that was developed in him during the war days. The fear of being punished for not keeping everything clean ran so deep in his mind that even after surviving the holocaust and all the pains it had to offer, Vladek could not let go of the habit of cleanliness. Unconsciously, Vladek also kept him busy doing something or the other all the time and insisted others around him as well. This was again due to the chores he had to perform all day at the camps during holocaust. The habits that he formed during the war were inhibited into his personality and forced him to be the changed person he was (Hall, 2003). The traits of not trusting friends, saving money without spending it, and always doing something (cleaning or working) are preposterous and difficult. But when studied in the light of Vladeks tragedies of losing a son during war, the flashbacks of the suicide of Anja and the painful of past related to the time spent during holocaust, explains the behaviors and attitude of Vladek (Koehler, 2009). An individual who has suffered in various areas at so some(prenominal) points in life usually can never let go of the recollections and always lives in that pain and misery. The fear prevents a person to think rationally or to get back to normal. Each trait can be linked to an incident that

External envelope (consruction technolgy and materials) Essay

External envelope (consruction technolgy and materials) - Essay ExampleFacilitation of roadmap meetings and accompaniment has been performed by the department of energys office of building technology, state and community programs (BTS) which manages the largest buildings RD& D program in the federal organization.By joining forces to implement this technology roadmap, leaders in industry are laying the rear end for residential housing that is increasingly adaptable, durable, energy and resource efficient, comfortable, and supportive of health and well-being.Moderns methods of constructions are giving architects and bushel a great freedom in design that ever before. As well as the smart commonly used timer frame and brick and block, insulating cover forms (ICFs) are raising their profile in the industry. fit a viable alternative in providing speedy installation, and satisfaction insulation legislation. Having being used extensively in the U.S. and Canada for over 30 years, comp anies such as Polysteel are now developing their use in the U.K. projects such as the sovereign Harbor development in East Bourne are winning prefer of ICFs fast track construction.Inclusive design is the only guaranteed method of ensuring that a building is fitted for all disabled people who wish to use it. Inclusive design is some the specification of the building, about the intent to make it suitable for everyone to use. It blends the natural flow of the building in a way that takes report card of the requirement of all groups disabled inclusive.U.K BUILDING REGULATIONSThe approved document, part M of the U.K.s building regulations gives some business relationship of the reasons for each of its requirements it is in this section of the document that designers and spacefarers can see how to create an interesting building, one that lead still satisfy the need of all, including disabled people, according to building products magazine..In recent years the government has been m aking all the right noise on the environment. There is no doubt that the U.K. is one of the nations leash the way aware of the long-term consequences for us all. I will state here that if we drastically number the amount of Co2 emissions this country currently generate, we will contribute to the well being of the entire planet.However, at that place are three basic measures to be taken better insulation for our properties making them less dependent on heating making better use of what nature can offer in call of wind, ware and solar energy, and most importantly, get our domestic and commercial heating systems running more efficiently. neighborhood L of the building regulations in England and Wales has been a stipulation that boilers fitted into new properties are of the high efficiency type, with the subsequent reduction in consumption of gas.According to Stephen Magdalena over the years, architectural recast concrete cladding panels acquire built track records of meeting ess ential client requirements in a wide range of application.. textile UTILIZATIONSOf course the decision to prefabricate must be taken early and the specialist full advantage is to be gained. The range of caddy finishes available can be split into two groups those where the actual concrete in on view and those where the concrete forms a backing to other materials. In all cases, feel is guaranteed

The N word Essay Example for Free

The N invent EssayThe word Niger should not be utilise by anyone regardless of the circumstances. Niger comes from the Latin word Niger inwardness black. Niger was expendd derogatory term used to refer to black slaves during colonial clock. It represents generations of endured racism and oppression. The word was used to make a mockery of black pack. Whether Niger Is used as a noun, verb, or adjective, It strengthened the class of the lazy, stupid, dirty, worthless nobody, (N Egger, a brief history). The use of the word Niger strips away the individuality of a person.Niger is evident in IP skip music, the civil rights movement, pop culture, and is now used as a term of endearment. The musical genre of hip hop music inspires use of the generalizing term Niger. pelvis hop music allows the term Niger to be a normal thing to say. When Niger is used in a poem it gives passel of every slipstream an excuse to use it. Certain words from song only can end up in a persons voca bulary. In the song Real Amiga Roll Call by Ill Jon and The East attitude Boozy, the variation of the word Niger Is used over 95 times. After hearing Niger over 95 times in one song, the word Is going to stick.Rappers should cake responsibility for music they put out In the music Industry. Rappers could be more positive and help a lot more bulk out. An opposing argument Is t wear HIP hop started In the late 19005 and It was a form of expression for blacks and it empowered them. Hip hop was all about individuality among blacks. Deceased rapper Outpace Shaker influenced many people going through struggles when he spoke about being grateful for what one has in his song Keep Way Head up Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gay, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like blacks that thing to be And abruptly that ghetto didnt seem so toughAnd though we had It rough, we incessantly had enough The problem with this argument is that hip hop music isnt like that anymore, nowadays hip hop puts more emp hasis on partying, drugs, and sex. Hip hop music encourages the use of the word nigh?. The people of the genteel Rights Movement fought very hard against the generic term Niger. DRP. Martin Luther King Jar. Was all about scrap love with hate. He died fighting for the equality of his kind, and yet a few decades later those same people are using a malicious racial slur among themselves. This situation should not be hat he died fighting for.Martin Luther King wrote in his Letter From Birmingham Jail When your first have shapes Niger, your middle name becomes boy. This quote shows what King thought about the use of enlarger, shows how the term really generalizes people. HIS argument here Is that If you appoint someone a Niger he might as well have no name. The word Niger has become a term of endearment, and people use it from racists by changing it from Niger to Amiga. Amiga is supposed to mean friend. The word was supposedly reinvented and meant something entirely different. Peop le ere Just conforming with each other and lost their way when they came up with this.thence blacks took pride in being insignias, a variation of a word they Just spent generations fighting. Niger loaded black people for hundreds of years, people died fighting against that slur, Just because an A was added at the end, and all of a sudden its k. The word Niger takes away the individuality of a person. Niger was used as a mockery of black people. During the Civil Rights Movement the word was fought against. Hip hop music started off with great messages, but now songs use the word Niger excessively. Lastly, Niger has supposedly become a term of endearment.

Assessment of the War on Terror Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the War on terror EssayThe compulsion and the non-necessity of wars in the course of human history and societal change whitethorn be seen from 2 diametrically opposing views. On the one hand, it is considered needed in the sense similar to Adolf Hitlers stance on war and its critical function in the evolution of man and society. In his movement entitled Mein Kampf, he writes, Mankind has grown strong in eternal struggles and it will only run low through eternal peace (1943, p. 45). On the other hand, pacifist thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi do non assent to the idea that wars are necessary. On the contrary, his notion of civil disobedience is founded on the principle of ahimsa, that is, numerate non-violence.The Gulf Wars, a term currently used to refer to the series of wars which occurred in the past devil decades with its culmination in what is popularly known as the United States of Americas Invasion of Iraq in 2003.The striking fact though is that the different moral convictions of the people is made manifest even in their choice of words to refer to the aforementioned Invasion of Iraq. Invasion is a derogatory word. The fancy of encroachment assumes the existence of a hostile party who will cause turmoil and havoc within other territory. However, for those who assent to the Bush administration, the proper term is not invasion but rather, liberation. As opposed to invasion, the concept of liberation assumes the renewal of a repressed freedom.These insights point surface that human social reality is held turbulent by systems of power and power relations, most especially in the context of international politics and a globalized, capital-driven economy. Globalization is indeed, the current paradigm. This papers task involves an evaluation of the political motivations that cigaret justify the necessity of war.One may perceive the current United States War on terror in two ways. First, one may perceive it as an appeal to the Mess ianic aspect of man in price of which man enables the liberation of his neighbor from conditions that restrict his freedom. Second, one may view it as a agriculturals plight for continuous economic growth thereby sacrificing the life of the few and the interests of other nations for the procural of its own interests. It is important to note that Bush Administrations War on Terrorism can be summed as a countrys plight for economic power at the disbursal of the blood of the few. If such is the case, the aforementioned war does not thereby adhere to the main propositions of what may considered, as a just war, which states that the use of force by one nation against the other, is always wrong(p) unless the latter has forfeited its basic rights (Lackey 222). It is important to note that in order for basic rights to be forfeited, it is necessary that the other state has already used force in violation of the basic rights of other states or it has threatened to use force in violation o f the basic rights of other states and made preparations to carry out their threat (Lackey 229).Another instance wherein a state has forfeited its basic rights is apparent during instances wherein its ability to set up is disrupted by a secessionist movement which is representative in character or when the state in question has engaged in massive violations of basic personal rights (Lackey 229). These conditions, however, were not initially met by Iran forward the aforementioned War on Terror.ReferencesHitler, Adolf (1943). Mien Kampf. Trans. Ralf Manheim. London Houghton Mifflin.Lackey, Douglas. The Ethics of War and Peace.

Survey on Teenagers Pocket Money Essay Example for Free

Survey on Teenagers Pocket Money EssayPocket Money is not just representing how much bullion that teenagers push back a shit it also represents teenagers buying tendency, marketing size of teenagers, their finance method and possible reasons of stress because of monetary problem. Its worth to make a statistic on the topic teenagers pouch specie, for the reference of except studies on accessible research. In this report, the following data would be collected and analyzed. Firstly, we want to comp be the pocket money teenagers how to spend their pocket money in past and that in nowadays (e. 2006 vs. 1999), whence we should find out the differences by our statistic figures like mean , mode etc, so that we tin know whether they get more money or not, and another(prenominal) statistical information. Secondly, we also are interested in the relation between the teenagers ages and the list of money they get, and then how this found out changes from 1999 to 2006. Thirdly, we want find what kind of things teenagers prefer to buy and whether they can handle their financial overload effectively by themselves.After that, we will try to find the reasons for those phenomena and then generate the conclusion. Objective To build up an online postdate, to collect consume data about teenagers pocket money, how they use it, and any financial problem they brassd. Questionnaires In this project, we use internet check into quite of questionnaire stick to in collecting samples from teenagers. There are few reasons for us to choose such survey method First, teenagers are very sensitive to the money they own and they feel too nervous when other people ask about the amount of their pocket money.For those results, they prefer to refuse to answer this questionnaire by face to face method. Secondly, teenagers form a low incentive to do the survey on the street they deal it is wasting their time. This increases the difficulties in sampling from them directly. Thirdly , as a result, we choose internet survey which should be a more effective sampling method since teenagers are easier to access to computers and more willing to answer questionnaire as they feel that they can help other people. The online survey http//freeonlinesurveys. com/rendersurvey. asp? id=o2ve66ut8bs9gh7252868 was posted to HK newsgroup and forums to invite teenagers to fill the online survey since 1st December, 2006. We end the online survey and collected the data at 20th December, 2006. The Hard Copy of the online survey as follows Result At 20th December, 2006, we collected 111 valid online questionnaires. Result of each question is shown one by one Over 80% interviewers are in-range below 24, which stated that most interviewers are student. It shows most teenage keep around $ coke0-$2000 pocket money, where around 36% teenage have $1001-$1500 pocket money.Around 34% students have $1501-2000 pocket money per month, which is second highest. 68% teenagers gain their pocket money from parents, where 29% teenagers gain their money pocket by part time job. The others which stated they gained by investment or gambling. But it seems on that points not reliable. In this chat rank 5 represent the highest value option to interviewee sequence rank 1 is refer to the lowest value option, it show that about 50% of teenagers put study as the last priority(rank 1) in their consumption, after that it will come to economy at 25 %.On the other side, entertainment is the option which people most willing to spend their money on it and it take 30% in rank 5, beside that dressing also an option thats less prefer 25% in rank 5. 32% students think that they spent more than they get, which need to pay attention. In the 36 student who said that they spent more than they get, 52% of them would borrow from the money, 42% would borrow from friend. It is need to be concern that 6% of teenagers would borrow from financial company. 37% teenagers think that they cant handle their financial problem effectively.This data seems reliable as from this survey, 32% cannot control their expanses. Calculation As it is important of instauration out statistic factors of nowadays teenagers pocket money, calculation of sample mean, mode and median , standard deviation and coefficient of skewness and coefficient of variation are calculate as follows Assumption Since we dont know the exact outlet of below $500 and above 2000, also number of this two sample is little compare with sample size, so these figures are neglect when calculation. Group Mean = ? fimi/? fi = (750. 5*29+1250. 5*40+1750. 5*38) / 107 =1292. 5 Median = (107/2) = 53. th, so we know that the median should be in the class 1001-1500 = Lm + (n/2-Cum Freq. )/f*w) =1000. 5 + (107/2 29) /40*500 =1306 Mode Modal Class 1001-1500 =Lmo+ (d1/d1+d2)*w =1000. 5+ (11/11+2)*500 =1423. 58 We are considering 107 samples. So sample standard deviation = 395. 2638 Coefficient of skewness =3(mean-median)/standard deviatio n =3*(1292. 5-1306)/395. 2638 =-0. 1025 The squirm is slightly skew to the left Coefficient of variation = standard deviation/ mean *100% = 395. 2638/1292. 5*100% =30. 5813% Discussion From the data posted by education department, mean of teenagers pocket money are 151*4 = $604 per month.Compared with sample mean we found, difference between two samples is 1292. 5-604=$688. 5. The difference due to change of HK economic surroundings and more teenagers earn their pocket money from attending part time job. It is advised that performing a larger survey if analyzing the relationship of teenagers and their pocket money more deeply. According to the survey data, it points out that teenagers are more concerned in materialism outgo. And also, over 32% teenagers spending their pocket money is unceasingly greater than income, and teenagers are lack of ability to have their personal planning.Lower than 10% teenagers think that saving is important when they received pocket money. They spend a lot either entertainment or dressing. The disposal should pay more attention to this problem, and educate teenagers how to spending their money effectively, and prevent they will have the judgment of Using the future money. Hong Kong teenagers usually have some part-time jobs income, to satisfy their needs on materialism. The main reason influences teenagers shopping style is provoker, which is a teenager like to pursuit for famous brand name. Conclusion Via this survey, basically we has the expected proposes.We transform how teenagers get their pocket money and how to spend it, and also understand consumer behavior, including their mental characteristics. As a studies data, it can be used in the further studies in the social science. However, since the quantity of questionnaire is relatively few, so the result cannot fully reflect the fact of pocket money spending of teenagers.

Theory And Methodology Essay Example for Free

Theory And Methodology EssayOne of the primary ship canal in which companionable science is defined is in terms of its difference from the so-called pure sciences such(prenominal) as physics, chemistry, biology etc. Its use of theory and methodology is, therefore, closely related to this distinction. Social scientists a great deal emphasize what too many of us ar utterly obvious, that there is no certainty in the study of social sciences.Unlike in any pure science where certain universal, everlasting rules shape what is to be expected of a situation (like say, under any circumstance 2 + 2 forget always be 4) in social science nothing can be taken for irresponsible certain. This is because social science deals with humanity, which is inherently transient. Taking this element of transience into consideration social scientists have to use not just quantitative but also qualitative methods of study.A Qualitiative method of study differs from the familiar quantitative metho ds (used in the study of pure sciences) in the sense that it tends to be far more subjective. This is in sharp contrast to the methods used in pure sciences which are exclusively objective. The research methods for social sciences are a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. An example of such a method is the knowledge Quotient (or IQ) test which helps us quantify a certain non-specific capacity or quality of an individual.Being light to qualitative methods of study also allows social scientists to incorporate non-quantitative data (i.e. non-numerical data, such as words, images, gestures, impressions etc.) in their study. Since human beings tend to operate in terms of such data and not in terms of the words used in ordinary sciences this broader outlook is far more applicable in the study of social sciences. (Roberts, 2003)In keeping with the methodology employed in social science researches the theories too are theorize and used keeping in mind that they aren t necessarily applicable to all conditions. Be it psychology, history, political science or economics human events are most likely to influence the rules which define the radical theories of a social science subject. Success in the field of social science researches can therefore be achieved if and only if it is understood that the subject has no space or opportunity for water-tight methodologies or theories. propagationRoberts, O M (2003) Creating Future An Approach in Tomorrows Perspective National Book Trust. 244

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Example for Free

Teamwork and trustworthy Working Relationship EssayTalent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships (Michael Jordan). This is a quote from one of the great basketball players, emphasising the importance in teamwork as a group. It tidy sum also be apply in terms of a group of people working together not in a degenerate aspect. A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a sheepfold of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek come in certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. (Dr. R. M. Belbin). This definition is used to identify individuals positives and negatives during a project or as a group it screw also be used to build a secure and trustworthy working affinity, choose and take aim high-performing teams, increase self-awareness and personal efficiency, and finally build understanding.Building a secure and trustworthy working relation ship is important in teamwork because it can help build individuals in the groups self-confidence and morale and guarantee support from other members in the group. It can also build hope around the team, guaranteeing members can feel confident airing issues and concerns within the group. This is offered individuals a rich variety of tools and ways to manage, avoid and localization conflict to build a stronger and lasting relationships. During the lead up to the presentation, my team-mates and I had a few occasion where we disagreed about certain opinions but we did it in a respectable manner and understood the reason agreement. bulk of us who made up a group to put up a presentation on teamwork and the Eurozone play football together which automatically gave us that bond, we had the ability to voice concerns w no venerate of getting shut down by a member of the team which is very vital as I mentioned above about teamwork.

Global City-Regions Essay Example for Free

Global City-Regions EssayRegional geographics usually concerns the evident similarities and differences of the several(a) regions of the earth (Martin and Thompson 2006). One of the concerns of such field of geography is the ever-changing geographical urbanization throughout the globe. urbanization can come in different grades, frankincense, in the term by Scott, urbanization in the form of expanding globalization that beset different regions is discussed together with the many effects and challenges that comes with it (2001).In the article, the germ tries to indicate that kind of than obliterate the conceit of geographical divisions, globalization enhances the regional entities currently existing in caller to the occlusion that certain global city-regions are created and are faced with the challenges of coping with the mentioned globalization trend (Scott 2001). Article succinctOne of the many fruits of globalization is the creation of wider policy-making- economi c regional units called global city-regions (Scott 2001, p. 813). In the so-called city-regions, new political and economic buildings arise. Due to the many transformations and modifications that have happened during the centuries, a new system has emerged via globalization. Such condition of society creates four aspects that should be addressed by the new civilization.These four aspects namely are (1) the increasing vauntingly quantities of economic activity can now occur in the form of long-distance as tumesce as inter-border relationships between regional units, (2) the number of established multinational organizations is ever-increasing to answer such economic pressures, (3) preceding regulatory functions of the national administrations are now being performed by regional units, and (4) the revival of past economic and political regions have sprouted creating new geographical boundaries (Scott 2001).The fourth aspect discussed by Scott was consequently come along elaborate d to give emphasis to its importance and significant consequences. It is in this elaboration of the fourth aspect that the concept of city-regions is introduced. The institution of globalization is therefore the initiator of the necessity of implicitly founding city-regions. Upon verifying the fact that global city-regions exist, the write now tries to analyze the political and economic structures that could possibly be established to answer the require of the new city-regions.Two budding political principles thus appear the first is a neo-liberal political view. In this view, government interference is at a minimum while economic activity is maximized through commercialise organization (Scott 2001). This view is remarked as a risky one and thus should not be the structure that could be applied to developing city-regions. The second political principle which the author recommends is that of renascent social republic which is too called the social market approach (Scott 2001).Su ch approach is appropriate for economic efficiency and at the same time can selectively commence intervention whenever necessary (Scott 2001). Furthermore, democracy will be an effective means of addressing the social and political tensions of a diverse population which is apparent in city-regions where some people try to earn a living, mainly due to its reputation as a range for capitalism and globalization (Scott 2001). As a conclusion of the article, the author tries to propose a new interpretation for citizen and citizenship.Since the new geographical partitions throughout the globe will be like those of the city-regions, new concepts on citizenship thus surface. Citizens will no longer be bound by birthright to a particular geographical location but rather becoming a citizen will be based on the utilitarian contributions an individual possesses. Furthermore, citizenship will take on a whole new level. Individuals in the ever-increasing mobile world can freely obtain the tit le of citizenship as many as possible depending on the movements of each person as one travels through different city-regions situated in the vast world (Scott 2001).In the end, the author shares his afterthoughts regarding the subject matter. Similar to the varying consequences of globalization, the emergence of city-regions in society also has diverse outcomes. Summarily, though the emergence of such global city-regions revives the geographical entities and the need for distinctiveness, its materialization also poses new and fresh political and economic problems and challenges (Scott 2001). throughout the article, the author tries to back-up his arguments and deductions as well as his predictions by citing different outside references.His intake of examples such as naming international organizations and cities considered city-regions in the world strengthens the thesis of his article. Information cited from other authors also imparts the well-researched foundation of the authors arguments. Organizational Analysis The organization and structure of the article is quite impressive. The author accustoms deductive as well as inductive reasoning in presenting and defending his thesis statement and arguments. The style of writing is also well-organized.This is evident on the flow of the whole article. At the opening of the article, the author communicates what he believes is going on in the society. He incorporates new ideas to explain what has come to pass, thus the subroutine of the term global city-regions. Following his conceptual presentation, he proves the certainty of his inferences. To give significance to his article, he then recommends solutions and steps that can be taken to resolve the issues at hand. Furthermore, he offers the readers explanations to the current situation.In the end, he lays down his conclusions and deductions exclusively after weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the solutions to the issues. His effort to refer back to t he effects of globalization in geography is a very competent way of leaving a lasting thought to the readers. Thus, by doing so, he creates an appealing atmosphere whose effect is persuading and convincing. Furthermore, the urgency in his article is apparent by his use of situational events. It makes the reader feel the need to address the matter at hand.Personal Analysis Although the article is super academic and formal, the ideas presented by the author are quite revolutionary, thus making them interesting. It is enjoyable in a sense that it offers innovative concepts and principles not just in regional geography and globalization, but also on economics and politics. The principle of city-regions is a noteworthy contribution to the field of geography. Furthermore, his defense of the existence and importance of the reflect of geography brought new light to the study.This is the most striking effort the author has produced. By addressing the argument that geography is becoming obs olete, he established geographys status in the academe and the sciences. Moreover, by his manage to affirm the relevance of geography, he constructed a new concept in geography. In summary, he renew the necessity to study geography, particularly in relation to that of the current worldwide condition of society. Relevance and endpoint In connection to urban political geography, the article is actually all about it.The focus of the article is that of globalization which is a form of urbanization. The author thus tries to give a glimpse of the concerns of urban political geography. This is achieved by the by discussion of political principles that are appropriate for the newly-discovered global city-regions. By generating an image of regional geography, the author imparts an understanding of the subject. The article however has not yet been tackled in classroom discussions since it will be talked about in later topics in the course of the class.Scott reveals new conceptual geography that not only deals with regional and physical geography but also with political geography in the midst of globalization. Through conversing about the matter, the author revitalized the significance of studying geography and the varying concerns it deals with.ReferencesMartin, G. J. Thompson, J. H. (2006). Geography. Microsoft Encarta 2007 CD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. Scott, A. J. (2001). Globalization and the scratch of City-Regions. European Planning Studies 9 (7) 813-826.

Australia Country Risks Essay Example for Free

Australia Country Risks EssayThe overall performance of Australia in world economic outlook is principally one of the nearly stable. Because of the well planned course of running the economy, the Australian government has been maintaining a practised level of growth among the Asia Pacific countries. However, it is also important to see some of the risks involved if one wishes to localize in the Australian market. The first aspect in strategic planning is to identify the governmental risks. Appargonntly, the political risks in the country can only be identified in terms of effectiveness. The implementation of unalike laws is at least better in Australia than any of its neighbors. In a general scale, it is one of the most stable political units in the world. Although some corruption incidences have been reported previously, there is still a very good control of the government to combat such problems (McKeever). The legal risks involved in Australia atomic number 18 also very minimal. Since the Australian laws argon basically made of Federal Parliament directives, there are very little chances of having a biased law towards a particular party.The laws are ratified by the three system political approval such as the executive, legislative and judicial segments. Basically, Australian Laws are for the common man which reduces the possibility of having extreme unwarranted consequences of biased judgments. Lastly, it is also important to note he regulatory risks in a particular country. In Australia, this risk is also very minimal because of the previous financial deregulation processes ratified in 1983 by making the Australian dollar float in the international foreign market (Wikipedia, 2007).This served as the primary attractive factor for most investors who wish to begin a deregulated instrument for investment. References McKeever. N. D. The McKEEVER Institute of Economic Policy Analysis. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from http//www. mkeever. com/australia. html. Wikipedia. 2007. Economy of Australia. Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia.

Stop and Frisk Essay Example for Free

Stop and Frisk EssayThe Fourth Amendment of the United States spirit protects people against un sound searches and seizures. Modern officials consider granted police officers in freshly York City an incentive to respect the amendment. The Stop and Frisk plan employed by the New York Police Department, gives police officers the dependable to initiate a stop of an individual on the street allegedly and do a straightaway search of their outer clothes for weapons based on if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that a crime has or is about to take place and the person stopped is armed or dangerous. This reasonable suspicion is not based with circumstantial facts but from the hunches from New York Police officers. Stop and frisk has been a New York Police Department tool for decades, but in recent years it has generated an increased totality of disapproval and debate due to the disturbing rate in communities of color, who often feel under onslaught and harassed by the pol ice.Minorities make up the majority percentage of people searched in predominantly whiten neighborhoods, which is why I believe that either some kind of quota or limit should be involve where only a certain percentage of people stopped can be of a specific race or from specific neighborhood, or New York City should just get rid of the program all together. In 2011 alone, 700,000 New Yorkers were pulled over for stop and frisk searches. Approximately 87 percent were Latino or Black and of that percentage 90 percent were deemed innocent (Huffington Post). In comparison, from 2002 to 2011 Hispanics and Blacks made up 90 percent of people stopped, and 88 percent of those stopped were innocent New Yorker (New York Civil Liberties Union).If racial profile in this case was effective that would be one thing, but there has yet to be either published research that has proven the effectiveness of this program, which is shown in the lack of arrests produced. Violent crimes in New York have decreased by 29 percent between 2001 and 2010 however, other major cities, such as Los Angeles and New Orleans, have experience larger declines without the use of stop and frisk (New York Civil Liberties Union). This is a clear shell of why this program that causes more harm than good, should be abolished. Every American citizen has the constitutional right from mindless search and seizure.This epidemic affects too many people for it to be ignored any longer. My own associate and his peers faced being stopped and frisked just because of they were African Americans in a predominantly white neighborhood. incomplete my brother nor his peers were a threat, possessed a weapon, or had a criminal record of any kind. chthonic the stop and frisk exception, the police can stop you on the street and pat you down for anything vile as long as they have suspicion. Dont wait until you are personally touch on by this unconstitutional procedure before you take a stand against it.

Homelessness Is More Than Missing a House Essay Example for Free

rooflessness Is More Than Missing a House EssayWe always encounter these types of pack A troops who is shaking a cup and trying to present a smiling daring to you on the side of the street, his coins be striking against each other, and his c big moneyhes were tatty and his shoes unmatched. Or at night, a crew of sight who sit or sleep in front of a transshipment center with some filthy blankets on. We dont know what kind of causes affect their dispossessedness, but we could easily signalise them, probably take pity on them and maybe give them change or food. cornerstoneless populate might not expect financial assist but they need mental support because they are not only if physic each(prenominal)y missing a house and they have nothing to bear afterward the spiritual collapse by missing lovingness protections. We need to emotionally help them by to a greater extent psychological fixing.Barbara Lazear Ascher states that we were able to help homeless people by more tutelages in her article, On favor. Ascher argues that we should pay more attention to the homeless by helping them. She says, We cannot deny the existence of the helpless as their presence grows. It is impossible to insulate ourselves against what is at our very door step (213). We can help them by possibly give a employ blanket or some warm soup. However, economical constituent might not able to fix the issue, according to Anna Quindlens in her Homeless, Home is where the heart is. Theres no regularize like it(217). Once those homeless people lose their homes, they lose everything physically, and emotionally miss their hearts and believe, faith of lives, thats what money or food couldnt build.Ascher believes that the superior general public should treat homeless people better. She begins with stating that people shouldnt judge the homeless by their appearances. She tells a tosh of a homeless man, His buttonless shirt, with one sleeve missing, hangs outside the waist of his smashergy trousers. Carefully plaited dreadlocks need a better time, long ago. As he crosses Manhattans Seventy-ninth Street, his gait is the shuffle of the forgotten ones held in place by gravity rather than plans (211). What a pitiful man What a tragic degradation came down onto his breeding He maybe was a successful businessman in his earlier life? By giving details of a homeless person, she sets up the fundamentals of her paper and that straightforwardly grabs attention and sympathy from the audience right into the story.Ascher also observes how did aloof neighbors ignore the homeless person away, A man with a briefcase lifts and lowers the shinny toe of his right shoe, watching the light reflect, trying to catch and balance it, as if he could hold and make it his, to ease the heavy gray of coming January, February, and March(212). A knowledgeable man would not prefer to give up a dime to the person, and how about others? The rest equal in this image, are standing far away from the man, five of them, are anxiously staring at the direction that the crosstown shuttle come from(212). They feel there was nothing to do about this situation, they were alone out of this moment. Because of human nature, they ref apply to lower their dignities and positions to help out the homeless man even though he didnt ask for it.Comparing with details of the homeless person exterior by Barbara L. Ascher, Anna Quindlen begins her essay in a much different way. She said I was wasting my time talking to her she was just notch through, although shed been passing through for more than two weeks. To prove to me that this was true, she rummaged through a tote bag and a manila envelope and finally unfolded a sheet of typing paper and brought out her photographs(216). Quindlen tells the story of a strange woman whom Quindlen met. The woman was carrying a picture of her old and common house all the time at the bus terminal. Quindlen recognized the lady, She had a house, or at lea st once upon a time had had one. Inside were curtains, a couch, a stove, potholders. You are where you live. She was somebody(217).From the opening of both stories between Ascher and Quindlen, Ascher centre on expressing the pitiful image of homelessness to the public, bring sympathy and help to them. However, In Quindlens essay Homeless, she brought the arguement that unions view of home has changed in the past few generations. What could we accomplish by changing our eyeshot on homelessness? In this context, Quindlen noted that a home is, simply more than an exact house-a home becomes a place where we can feel connected emotionally and physically with our families.That was also the main cause wherefore those homeless people refused to live in shelters, mostly they preferred to live on random streets. Because the homes they used to have, were more like a symbol exists in their minds, it was more than just a house and notice address. However it was a place where it collected em otions such as love, hate, happiness, sadness, and it was a place that offered comfort and security. They used to express themselves in home but not in the shelter. Quindlen stated that our society should have handle those people as a collection of people who are not homeless, but are just missing a home.The main purpose of Barbara Lazear Aschers On Compassion encounter in touch different acts of how do people treat homeless people. She witnesses both neglect and kindness to the homeless people by the general society. She also curiously gives how does the middle-class do not understand the poor and homeless of homeless people. However, Anna Quindlen expresses her points in a different view of homelessness. Her point shows we should be able to understand of the attainment of the issues of homelessness, and the most important thing for those people is a sense of hearts place, a home.Homeless circumstances sound far away from us because we have our body and mind protected in our hom e. Nevertheless, the lady from Quindlens story who carried the picture of her house with her all the time, owned her respect and faith of a home, and shouldnt be treated as a homeless person. There are a lot of things we can do other than just give them food. We could smile, talk, and even contribute a hug for them. Home is not just a house or mailing address. Home is the place where a familys body and emotions are collected. It also provides the bridge that connects families. People laugh, cry, become angry or stressed, we are traffic with every kind of emotions in our daily life and finally we find out the best place to express all of these emotions are in our home.

Employment relationship Essay Example for Free

Employment relationship showUnitarism is a process assumes that everyone in an organization is a member of a squad with a normal purpose representing the goals and policies of a telephoner. The Unitarism has a univocal concept for every mortal associated with the comp either right from managers to lower-level employees, should grant the same objectives and work together for a common gain. The heterogeneous staff levels involved in the company from the unions, the relationship managers and the top line centering was actively leveraged for an equal design through all levels. The groups were received only as a part of the reflecting loyalty. The managers were the two way communicators between the workers to the management. The management or the self-command was non allowed to force the loyalty factors. The free market orientation introduced by Margaret Thatcher has elevated the roles of the three levels of the employee relationship. The team representation of various lev els have had shifted to more personal attention. The equal employee group representation in a company gradually diminished with management focusing on the individual excellence.The relationship manager who acted as a mediator lost his significance with new profile evolved at the same level of designation. ab initio in the early 80s the personal management scenario was not well defined and without any confined objectives. The personal management system has lot of unanswered concerns like tuning up of the individual performance management concerns with their respective team performance levels. The personal management was general and it was not customized tally to the functional and industry specifications to make the personal management more effective.The principal(prenominal) concern of Unitarism is, the organization is more inclined towards the organization goals and objectives and may not concentrate on the personal career aspects. The employee may not find it comfortable to t une up the organization goals with his personal individual goals. Pluralism The pluralism provides freedom to tune up the individuals career goals with the organizational goals. The organization values the employees feedback and encourages the employees to be a part of the end making process. every level of the employees has the right to sound his voice in the organization.The employees were thus made responsible to the organizations performance and profitability. The managers have to play a versatile role in motivating and teaming up the employees. The decision making process can be complex as different brains focus on the concerns and in that respect would be possibility of not arriving at concrete decision The influence of the unions, governing bodies will be more on the management. The influence can swing in both the extremes resulting in the profitability or decisions in favor of a particular sector.Marxism The Marxism refers the labourers welfare and representing their conce rns. The low level working class is the pinnacle resource and the Marxism exerts more pressure on upliftment of the working class. The working class was prime resource of mathematical product which uses the resources for the prosperity of the organization. The Marxist theories strongly condemn the gap between the operating cost incurred and the wampum incurred on the products. The pronouncement of the top level management and ownership is not accepted.The ownership making considerable profits is not accepted are forced to carry the gains for the benefits of the working class. The modern development has decreased the battle of the manual labour with the advent of machinery to push the productivity index to a considerable extent. The employee job responsibilities were handled by the machines with the artificial intelligence which in turn does not enhance the skill sets of the working class. The employees at almost point of time may perceive the same job profile as monotonous an d may loose the expertise.The ownership may start ignoring the skills sets of the workers which in turn lead to termination of labourers. The capitalist dominance was widely disregarded in the later half of the 19th century and many experts has drawn various implications on reformatting the Marxist principles to suite the modern challenges. Among them include Rubery, Braveman, Littler and Paul Edwards, who presented various directions of the labor and employee relations.The main implications drawn by these experts revolve around enhancing the employee relations by activily considering processes like By Elevating the conflicting peak issues and initiating extra circular efforts like incentives, games and recreation that sooth the workers pressure(Burawoy). The Burawoy definition was vital part of the human resource management in many companies in the today to make the employee feel that the company cares the resources in may new(prenominal) ways. Bridging the gap between the owner ship control and the workers resistance for a mutual profitable accord A more robust job design keeping on view of the employee growth accepts with equal representation of the control leading to a satisfactory employee relationship(Littler).The management has to tune up the workers with abilities required for the productions(Rubery). The experts have had strongly disregarded the employee coherent methodology with asserting more on mutually acceptable strategies for sustainable line of reasoning and economic growth. The contemporary organization were now-a-days more proactive in providing the employees with more freedom and flexibility to hold them. The compensatory systems were broadened with more virtual incentives along with salaries wooing the employees to stick to the organizations.

Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias Development

lay out of extraneous Direct Investment on Nigerias studyChapter One1.1 interpolationThe drying up in the earlier 1980s of commercialised bank lend to maturation economies made death to countries eased restriction on unkn sustain cultivate enthronization funds (FDI) and m whatsoever aggressively offered tax incentives and subsidies to draw in irrelevant majuscule (Aitkenand Harrison, 1999). cloistered capital liquify to emerging market place economies reached al close $200 meg in 2000. This is al virtually four times wider than the peak commercial bank lending long time of the 1970s and early 80s. FDI now accounts for every(prenominal)place half(a) dozenty pct of private capital flow (Levine andCarkovic, 2002). However, age the explosion of FDI flow clay unmistakable, the step-up put remains unclear. unlike call targetment funds (FDI) has been a topic proud on the policy agenda in emerging markets. This is due to the contri simplyions FDI amaze to a uncouths external financial backing and frugal reaping. The terminus of regulation of FDI and different row of capital flow argon to a fault issues policymakers prepare a yield on and frugal motion has devoted a large effort to these issues. The experience of small offspring of fast- upriseing East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs), and tardily china, has strengthened the belief that attracting FDI is needed to bridging the choice gap of low-income countries and avoiding further build-up of debt small-arm conveyly tackling the ca wasting indisposition of p everywherety (UNCTAD, 2005).Even though the Asian crisis sounded a cautionary none to wrong pecuniary liberalisation the call for to a greater extent than(prenominal) accele ranged pace of spread up FDI turn all over increase on the assumption that this get out bring not provided more stable capital influx but withal greater proficient know-how, juicyer(prenominal) paying jobs, entrepr eneurial and workplace skills and new carry onation opportunities (Prasadetal., 2003).The increase importance of FDI has brought rough multinational bloods, trade and policies materializing into export and imports amongst nations. This in turn responses financial rewards to army countries. Policy makers across the region of Africa conduct hoped that attracting FDI with the bait of postgraduate tariff protection and munificent incentives packages would provide the catalyst for a late industrialization take aim (Thandika, 2001).The debt crises in the early 80s and policies introduced by many(prenominal) countries in Africa in addition witnessed increased FDI as unavoidable for stinting study. The pursuit of accountable macro economicalal policies combined with an accelerating pace of liberalization, deregulation and above all privatization were pass judgment to attract FDI to Africa ( conceptionBank, 1997).However, the record of the past tense two decades with re spect to reducing poverty and attracting FDI as a end point of policy changes has been disappointing at best (Ayanwale, 2007).The importance of FDI varies across different faithfulament in the pass catcher countries. However, in all major(ip) awkward groups, the extractive heavens accounts for a authoritative sh argon of influx of FDI for example, Australia, Canada and Nor counselling among real countries Botswana, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela in Latin America and the Caribbean and Kazakhstan in South-East Europe and theCIS(UNCTAD, 2006a).The important of this empyrean is due to the fact that inunct color and tout atomic number 18 crucial to the contemporary globose parsimony and their prices atomic number 18 winder components of economic forecasts and per gradance. tender embrocate and refined crude rock oil yields constitute the largest single item in international trade, whether measured by volume or value (Steve n, 2005). Thus, oil and turgidity are strategical options in national, regional and global economies.Despite this substantial and strategic influence, empirical certify suggests that oil and shove along abundant economies are among the least(prenominal) growing economies (Sachs and Warner, 1997,Gelb, 1988, Stevens, 1991, Steven, 2005). This phenomenon is often conceived within the prisms of the resource curse and Dutch disease. Both of which are manifestations of in momentive utilization of resources earlier than the inevitable outcome of the accessibility of oil and hired gun resources.The intrusion of FDI on economic harvest-time of recipient agricultural has been one of varying opinions among authors.A long writings exists stiring different do of foreign investiture on economic dilatement in a recipient economic system. Currently FDI sustains the approximately dynamic development in the world scrimping in equivalence with early(a) ricochets of foreign fin ancing (De Gregorio, 1992). Most theoretical and empirical findings (see chapter 3) imply that FDI has a strong validatory gain usurpation on the recipient delivery.Within the African context, the Nigerian economy is a grotesque case, not because it is a ontogeny economy and is quite large, but because during last 15 years the uncouth has not managed to attract significant amounts of FDI (Asiedu, 2002). Typically investing risks are so blue in Nigeria that only high emoluments in export lie extractive industries (e.g. fuel application) gull attracted much foreign estimate enthronement. This sphere of influence exerts a s wellheaded influence on the economy as a key tax earner. While oil and gas resources arouse very high revenue yields due to increasing international film the question of inwardness FDI squeeze on economic growth remains an open question. This report card attempts to find some answers. over the last decade, the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of W estern and gray Africa has become one of the most promising oil exploration areas in the world with a product of interest in the midst of African governments, multinational oil companies, international Financial Institutions(Jeromeetal., 2007). Nigeria falls among the six countries which have become key players in the world of energy stake. However, the economic record and lived experience of mineral- export countries has generally been disappointing.The World Bank classification of highly Indebted Poor Countries include twelve of the world 25 most mineral dependent states and six most oil dependent. When taken as a group, all pet useum rich less essential countries has witnessed erosion in their living standards and legion(predicate) rank bottom one- triplet of united Nations Human knowledge Index. In addition to poor growth records and entrenched poverty, they are also characterized by high take of corruption and a low prevalence of democratization(Jeromeetal., 2007).1.2 F DI Defined dissimilar classifications have been made of foreign direct investing. For instance, FDI has been described by the Balance of Payment Manual fifthedition (BPM5) as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a re officent in one economy (the direct Investor) obtaining a lasting interest of a re viewnt in another(prenominal) economy (the direct investment opening). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship in the midst of the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the management of the enterprise.A direct investment relationship is upshoted when the direct investor has sufferd 10 percent or more of the ordinary benefactorings or voting power of an enterprise abroad (IMF, 1993). This comprises not only the initial transaction establishing the FDI relationship mingled with the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise but all post erior capital transactions betwixt them and among affiliated enterprises resident in different economies (Pattersonetal., 2004). Once a firm undertakes FDI, it becomes amultinational enterprise(MNEs).Policymakers believe that foreign direct investment produces autocratic effectuate on legions economies. or so of these benefits are in the form ofexternalitiesand the adoption of foreign technology which could be in the form of licensing, agreements, imitation, employee training and the penetration of new appendagees by the foreign firms (Alfaroetal., 2004). Multinational enterprises are said to dust technology and management know-how to house servant firms (Tangetal., 2008).FDI is conventionally used as a proxy to measure the termination and direction ofMNEactivities (Jones, 1996). Like any other work,MNEshave a major objective of maximizing profit and reducing costs. Hence,MNEs go steady regions with higher returns on investment and enabling environment for business line s uccess. This is one of the reasons for more FDI in some places than others. whereforeMNE provide invest higher in regions that provide the best liquefy of the traditional FDI determinants (Berg, 2003). The motivation for investment by multinationals in authentic countries much more than othersis discussed elaborately in chapter trio1.3. BackgroundThe thing ofMNEs( done FDI) in extractive industries has had a chequered history. In the early twentieth century, these industries accounted for the largest portion out of FDI, reflecting the international expansion of firms from the colonial powers. With a growing number of former colonies gaining independence after the insurgent World War, and the creation of the arranging of the Pet purposeum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, the dominance of theseMNEss declined, as did the circumstances of extractive industries in global FDI.From the mid-1970s, in particular, the share of oil, gas and metal mining in world FDI degenerate st eadily as other welkins grew much faster. However, as a result of rising mineral prices, the share of extractive industries in global FDI has recently increased, although it is comfort much lower than those of services and manufacturing. It is therefore an opportune timeto return the impact of FDI into theextractive industries has on economic development.Measuring the effect of FDI on economic growth occupies a positive body of economic literature. numerous theoretical and empirical studies have identified several channels through which FDI whitethorn positively or prejudiciously affect economic growth (Akinlo, 2003,Mello, 1997). Not many studies have cut acrossed on the effects of FDI in Africa and most existing studies have saturated on economies with high FDI in the manufacturing industries un uniform economies with high FDI inflow in the extractive sphere (as the case of Nigeria). some(prenominal) factors suggest that the verifying benefits of FDI whitethornbe less in ex tractive sector especially oil industries. Reasons given for this are that outsetly, the extractive sector ( much(prenominal) as oilsub-sector) is often an enclave sector with little linkages with the other sectors. Secondly, the knowledge and technology embedded in the sector is extremely capital intensive and so transfer of knowledge and technology maybe less. Also, the capital exigency and large economies of scale may not attract new entrants into the sector as in the manufacturing sector.Furthermore, not all sector of the economy have the aforesaid(prenominal) potential to absorb foreign technology or create linkages with the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958).Finally, cut-rate sales in this sector are foreign market oriented and require fewer arousal of materials and intermediate goods from local anaesthetic suppliers. Hence will have less frontwards and backward linkages(Akinlo, 2004). Thesensitivity of work out to world commodity price also make it been view as a volatie sector (WorldBank, 2005) attached the pattern of foreign direct investment flow to Nigeria (mostly in oil and gas sector) and the angst-ridden as regards the benefits from the extractive FDI, it is disposed(p) to examine empirically the situation in Nigeria. This constitutes the objective of this inquiry. An compendium of this will be done for the distributor point between 1980 and 20061.4Overview of Foreign Direct Investment1.5Natural Resources and Economic DevelopmentSince the 1950s, economists have been concerned that economies reign by natural resources would somehow be dis expediencyd in the drive for economic progress. In the 1950s and 1960s, this concern was based upon deteriorating terms of trade between the centre and outskirt (Prebisch, 1964) coupled with concern over the limited economic linkages from primary crop exports to the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958). In the 1970s, it was driven by the impact of the oil shocks on the oil exporting countries ( Wijnbergenand Van, 1986,Mabroand Monroe, 1974).In the 1980s, the phenomenon of Dutch illness (the impact of an overvalued exchange rate on the non-resource traded sector) attracted circumspection (Corden, 1984). Finally in the 1990s, it was the impact of revenues from oil, gas and mineral projects on government deportment that dominated the discussion (Stevens, 1991,Gelb, 1988).The common thread running through these concerns is that the development of natural resources should generate revenues to depict into economic growth and development. Thus the revenues accruing to the economies should provide capital in the form of foreign exchange overcoming what was seen as a key barrier to economic progress. This could be explained both in terms of common star (more money means a better standard of breeding) and development theories the requirement for a big-push (Murphyetal., 1989), capital constraints (Lewis, 1955,Rostow, 1960) and dual-gap compend (Shibleyandthirlwall, 1981).Ho wever, the reality appeared to be the reverse. Countries with abundant natural resources appeared to perform less well than their more poorly empower neighbors. Thus the term resource curse began to enter the literature (Vanderlinde, 1994). more recently there has been a revival of interest in the phenomenon of resource curse. Furthermore, this has drawn the attention of a much wider earreach than previously.Growing concern among a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) regarding the negative effects of oil, gas and mineral projects on developing countries has had several effects. It has forced the World Bank group to reach their role in much(prenominal) projects. This has culminated in the creation of the Extractive Industry analyse based in Jakarta to consider whether the World Bank collection should, as a matter of principle, have any involvement with such projects. Disagreement within and between the World Bank and the IMF have further fuelled the debate over how such revenues should be managed.NGOconcern has also encouraged the more responsible petroleum and mineral corporations to consider the impact of their investment in such projects on the countries concerned. However, in the literature that has focused on resource curse, there are references to countries that allegedly managed to avoid a curse and instead overheard a blessing. For example, even the report produced byOxfamAmerica (Ross, 2001) which is strongly negative towards such projects, states in that location are exceptions some states with large extractive industries like Botswana, Chile and Malaysia have overcome many of the obstacles and implemented sound pro-poor strategies. There are similar references elsewhere to success stories Botswana (Hope, 1998, Love, 1994), Chile (Schurman, 1996), Indonesia (Usui, 1996), Malaysia (Rasiahand Shari, 2001), and Nor authority (Wright andCzelutsa, 2002).Nigeria is Africas most populous rude with close to 132 million inhabitants. However, approximately 55% of the population lives on less than the value of one US sawhorse per day. The Nigerian economy depends hard on the oil sector, which contributes 95% of export revenues, 76% of government revenues and about a triplet of complete(a) domestic product. Before the establishment of democracy in 1999, the country was governed by military generals, under whose eclipse Nigerias economic performance had taken a beating for 15 consecutive years (Datamonitor, 2007).Nigeria has a dual economy with a modern segment dependent on oil earnings, overlaid by a traditional agricultural and trading economy. At independence in 1960 gardening accounted for well over half of GDP, and was the main source of export earnings and domain revenue. The oil sector, which emerged in the 1960s and was firmly established during the 1970s, is now of overwhelming importance to the point of over-dependence.Undoubtedly, Africa and indeed Nigeria is facing an economic crises situation fe atured by inadequate resources for long-term development, high poverty level, low capacity utilization, high level of unemployment and other millennium Development Goals (MDGs) increasingly becoming difficult to achieve by 2020. Foreign direct investment has sour prominent place in her strategy as a way of boosting economic rival and growth. It is also seen by policy makers at all levels as a way of bridging the resource gap of the country and avoiding further debt build-up (UNCTAD, 2005).This has brought about several changes in policy and regulations in come out to encourage foreign investor to invest in the country. Other measures include the liberalization of the foreign investment regimen to allow major foreign ownership, lifting foreign exchange gibes and the privatization of Nigerias public enterprises. This investigate is headed to take an in-depth analysis of the major private capital flow foreign direct investment to a growing economy Nigeria. This investment tren d will be narrowed down to the extractive sector and in particular the oil and gas sector with the direct of investigating how investment in this sector translate to economic growth.1.6 interrogation GapDuring the last decade, a number of interesting studies in the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating economic growth has appeared. Several authors have observed that the major reason for increased effort in attracting more FDI has been stemmed from the belief that FDI has several positive effects (Levine andCarkovic, 2002, Caves, 1996).In contribute to the importance of FDI, it has also been shown that FDI is three times more efficient than domestic investment (De-Gregorio, 2003). Available evidence for developed countries seems to support the cerebration that productivity of domestic firms is positively related to the presence of foreign firms (Globerman, 1979). The result for developing countries are not clear, with some finding positive spillover (Blomstrom, 1986,Ko kko, 1994), and others reporting limited evidence (Aitkenetal., 1997). previous studies on FDI showed that target countries receive very few benefits and in most cases negative effect on economic growth (Singer, 1950Prebisch, 1968Saltz, 1992genus Bosetal., 1974 cited in (Katerinaetal., 2004). A positiveeffect is only contingent on the absorptive capacity of the drove country(Durham, 2004).Many research have shown that FDI stimulates economic growth (Borenszteinetal., 1998, Amy Jocelyn andKamal, 1999) as seen in chinas economic growth (Dees, 1998 cited in (Ayanwale, 2007) and Latin American countries (Mello, 1997) showing that inflow of capital brings about increase in investment level.FDI has also been shown to have both a positive and negative effect on economic development depending on the variables1that are used along side the test equation(UNCTAD, 1998 1999). Its effect has also been more positively acclaimed in countries with higher institutional capabilities (Olofsdotter, 199 8) and economically less advanced countries (like Philippines and Thailand) but negatively on more economically advanced countries like japan and Taiwan (Bende-Nabendeand Ford, 1998). In essence, the impact FDI has on growth of any economy may be country an period specific and as such there is a need for country specific studies.Several studies have shown varying relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. For example,Odozi(1995)study showed that Structural adjustment Policies ( consume hereafter) of Nigeria contributed to the FDI-growth relationship. He revealed that macro-policies before SAP discouraged foreign investors.Ogiogo(1995) reported a negative character of public investment to GDP growth for the reason of distortion. However, positive linkage effect of FDI-growth relationship was shown byAluko(1961). Private domestic investment was also shown byAriyo(1998)to contribute positively to raising GDP-growth rate for the period 1970-1995.Oyinlola(1995) useChene ryand Stouts two-gap flummox found a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth.Ekpo(1995) employ time series info revealed that political regime, real income percapita, inflation rate, credit rating and debt service were key factors explaining variabilityin FDI into Nigeria. victimization unrelated regression model, FDI was shown to be pro-consumption and pro-import hence showing a negative relationship to domestic investment (Adelegan, 2000 cited inAyanwale, 2007) and statistically insignificant effect was shown for FDI-growth (Akinlo, 2004).More recent findings byAyanwale(2007) revealed that FDI contributes positively to Nigerias economic growth with the communication sector accounting for the highest potential to grow that economy. He also opined that FDI in the manufacturing sector has a negative relationship with economic growth suggesting that the business modality is not healthy plenty for the manufacturing sector to thrive and contribute to positive growth.C rude oil discovery and exploration has been said to have both positive and negative effect on Nigeria. The negative side is seen in term of the environmental degradation, deprived means of livelihood and other economic and social factors undergo by surrounding communities where the oil wells are exploited while the positive side is viewed from the large proceeds from domestic sale and export of petroleum products. However, its effect on the growth of the Nigerian economy as regards returns and productivity is still questionable (Odularu, 2007).This suss out shows that the debate on the impact of FDI on economic growth is far from be conclusive. The role of FDI can be country specific and its relationship with growth can either be positive, negative or insignificant depending on the macroeconomic dispensation (economic,institutionalandtechnologicalconditions) in the recipient country (Zhang, 2001). Even though none of these studies controlled for the fact that must of the FDI was concentrated in the extractive perseverance, they did not specifically inquire the relationship between oil-FDI and economic growth. This is the focus of this study.1.7 Research Objectives and QuestionsFew research on FDI into Sub-Saharan Africa have shown empirical evidence of FDI and economic growth as ambiguous (Ayanwale, 2007). In conjecture FDI is believed to have several positive effects on the economy of host country (such as productivity gains, technology transfers, the doorway of new processes, managerial know-how and skills, employee training etc), promoting its growth and in general, a significant factor in modernizing the host countrys economy (Katerinaetal., 2004). However, there is no clear reasonableness of its contribution to growth (Bora, 2002).This research was driven by the following questionsHas foreign direct investment into Nigerian oil and gas sector brought about economic development?What is the transmission mechanism through which FDI brings about growth 1.8 Methodology1.9 language OutlineThe rest of the paper is organized as followsChapter TwoThis chapter is the literature review and shall be discussed in three sub piece. The first two sections shall seek to review the theories and motivation for Foreign direct investment and the third section deals with the theoretical and analytic review of literature on FDI harvesting linkages. This shall seek to answer the question on the mechanism through which FDI result in economic growth.Chapter threeThis chapter discusses the case study Nigeria and reviews the contribution performance and challenges of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Also, the impact of this sector on economic growth is discussed.Chapter FourThe methodology and theoretical framework for the analysis is the objective of this chapter. This section discusses the research approach and information collection mode. The variables for analysis and the model for shall be derived.Chapter FiveData psychoanalysis of the resu lt and findings shall be the aim of this chapter.Chapter SixThis chapter shall form the conclusion of the research and give a digest of the findings, suggestion for improving economic growth in Nigeria and recommendation for further study.Chapter ThreeLiterature Review3.0 IntroductionForeign direct investment is in general motivated by both biff and push factors. The push factors are external to developing countries and focuses majorly on growth and financial market conditions in industrial countries. On the other hand, the pull factors are dependent (on a lot of factors) domestic policies and characteristics of host countries. While the push factors examine the totality of available resources, the push factors determine its allocation between countries (Ajayi, 2004).The transformation of theoretical and empirical explanations for the impact and influence of FDI (and growth) is without doubt very rich. Many studies among others have emphasized contributive macroeconomic policy, increased liberalization of markets, large domestic markets, liberal trade regime, low trade union movement cost, availability of natural resources, good base of operations and investment in human capital (bring about an educative workforce) (Ajayi, 2003).This review therefore draws from many of these workings with the particular aim of providing an understanding of the theoretical and empirical background, views and present judgement on the relationship between FDI and economic growth.The discussion shall be presented in three sections. The first two sections shall discuss the theories and motivation for FDI and the third section involves theoretical and empirical review of the literature of FDI and economic growth from four perspectives trade or export (openness), linkages and spillover effect, knowledge and technology transfer and human capital.3.1 Theories of FDIFDI can take the form of a Greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or merger with an existin g local firm. Majority of cross-border investment is in the form of merger and acquisition rather than Greenfield investments. According to estimates by get together Nations, 40 to 80 percent of all FDI inflows between 1998 and 2005 were in the form of mergers and acquisition (Hill, 2009). However, FDI flows into developed nations are different from those of developing nations. For developing nations only about one- third of FDI is in the form of cross-border merger and acquisition. This may simply reflect the fact that there are fewer firms to acquire in developing nations (Hill, 2009).For the part of this research, I have concentrated on two theories of FDI which are relevant to the study. The first perspective explains why firms in the same industry often undertake FDI at the same time and why certain locations are favoured over others (i.e. the observed pattern of FDI). The second is known as the discriminating paradigm. This perspective is eclectic because it combines the be st aspects of other theories into a single explanation.In proceeding with the discussion, we lay out some terms. When goods are produced at home and then shipped to the receiving country for sale, it is known as exporting. The process of granting a foreign entity (the licensee) rights to produce and apportion the firms product in return for a royal family fee on every unit sold is known as Licensing.Foreign direct investment has been view as an valuable and risky venture compared to exporting and licensing. This is because firms bear the cost of establishing production facilities in a foreign country or acquiring a foreign enterprise and the risk of doing business in countries with different culture. In exporting, firms need not bear cost associated with FDI and risk can be reduced by the use of local sales agents. Similarly, under licensing, the licensee bears the cost and risks. However, it is worth noting in compendious that firms will choose FDI over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, firms will favor FDI over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control of technological know-how or over its operations and business strategy or when firms capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing (Hill, 2009).3.1.1 The Pattern of FDI3.1.1.1 strategical BehaviourThe idea that FDI flow reflects strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace is the background for one of the theories of FDI. In studying the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries F. T. Knickerbocker proposed a variation to this argument. An oligopoly is an industry made up of a small number of large players (for example, an industry in which four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market). One key features of such market is the interdependence of major players the action of one firm have immediate impact on the major competitors, forcing a chemical reaction in kind.This interdependence leads to imitative conduct rivals are usually mobile to imitate opponents in and oligopoly the bandwagon effect. Imitative behaviour can take many forms in an oligopoly. Some good examples are price war and capacity increase. Rivals imitate lest they be left at a disadvantage in the future. F. T. Knickerbocker argued that the same kind of imitative behaviour characterizes FDI.Although Knickerbockers theory and its extensions can help to explain imitative FDI behaviour by firms in oligopolistic industry, it does not explain the choice and efficiency of FDI over exporting or licensing. This is explained by the internalization theory.3.1.1.2 The Product Life Cycle TheoryThe product life cycle theory was proposed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s and was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large property of the worlds new products had been developed by U.S. firms and sold first in the U.S. market (e.g. automobiles, photocop iers, televisions and semiconducting material chips). Vernon opined that the wealth and size of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products and the high labour cost also gave firms in the U.S. an incentive to develop cost-saving process innovations.The theory went further to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the fall in asserts, demand in other advanced countries does not make it worth while for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some export from the fall in State to those countries. However, over time the demand for new product starts to grow in other advanced countries. As this happens, foreign producer stick to produce at home for their own market and growing demand causes U.S. firms to setup production facilities in those advanced countries. This limits the potential for export for the United States. Finally, at mat urity product becomes standardized, cost consideration start to play a greater role in the competitive process and producer in advanced countries with lower labour cost than the U.S. talent now begin to export to the United States. Under intense cost pressure, the cycle by which the United State lost its advantage to other advanced countries might be repeated once more as developing countries begin to acquire a production advantage over advanced countries (Hill, 2009).The effect of these trends is that over time the United States switches form being an exporter of the product to an importer of the product as production becomes concentrated in lower-cost foreign locations.The product life cycle seems to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. However, the product lEffect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias DevelopmentEffect of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigerias DevelopmentChapter One1.1 IntroductionThe drying up in the early 1980s of commercial bank lendi ng to developing economies made most countries eased restriction on foreign direct investment (FDI) and many aggressively offered tax incentives and subsidies to attract foreign capital (Aitkenand Harrison, 1999). Private capital flow to emerging market economies reached almost $200 billion in 2000. This is almost four times larger than the peak commercial bank lending years of the 1970s and early 80s. FDI now accounts for over sixty percent of private capital flow (Levine andCarkovic, 2002). However, while the explosion of FDI flow remains unmistakable, the growth effect remains unclear.Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been a topic high on the policy agenda in emerging markets. This is due to the contributions FDI make to a countrys external financing and economic growth. The extent of regulation of FDI and other form of capital flow are also issues policymakers take a stand on and economic research has devoted a large effort to these issues. The experience of small number of fa st-growing East Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs), and recently china, has strengthened the belief that attracting FDI is needed to bridging the resource gap of low-income countries and avoiding further build-up of debt while directly tackling the cause of poverty (UNCTAD, 2005).Even though the Asian crisis sounded a cautionary note to premature financial liberalization the call for more accelerated pace of opening up FDI have intensified on the assumption that this will bring not only more stable capital inflow but also greater technological know-how, higher paying jobs, entrepreneurial and workplace skills and new export opportunities (Prasadetal., 2003).The increased importance of FDI has brought about international relationships, trade and policies materializing into export and imports between nations. This in turn results financial rewards to host countries. Policy makers across the region of Africa have hoped that attracting FDI with the bait of high tariff protectio n and generous incentives packages would provide the catalyst for a late industrialization drive (Thandika, 2001).The debt crises in the early 80s and policies introduced by several countries in Africa also witnessed increased FDI as necessary for economic development. The pursuit of responsible macroeconomic policies combined with an accelerating pace of liberalization, deregulation and above all privatization were expected to attract FDI to Africa (WorldBank, 1997).However, the record of the past two decades with respect to reducing poverty and attracting FDI as a result of policy changes has been disappointing at best (Ayanwale, 2007).The importance of FDI varies across different sector in the recipient countries. However, in all major country groups, the extractive sector accounts for a significant share of inflow of FDI for example, Australia, Canada and Norway among developed countries Botswana, Nigeria and South Africa in Africa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Venezuela in Latin America and the Caribbean and Kazakhstan in South-East Europe and theCIS(UNCTAD, 2006a).The important of this sector is due to the fact that oil and gas are crucial to the contemporary global economy and their prices are key components of economic forecasts and performance. Crude oil and refined petroleum products constitute the largest single item in international trade, whether measured by volume or value (Steven, 2005). Thus, oil and gas are strategic resources in national, regional and global economies.Despite this significant and strategic influence, empirical evidence suggests that oil and gas abundant economies are among the least growing economies (Sachs and Warner, 1997,Gelb, 1988, Stevens, 1991, Steven, 2005). This phenomenon is often conceived within the prisms of the resource curse and Dutch disease. Both of which are manifestations of inefficient utilization of resources rather than the inevitable outcome of the availability of oil and gas resources.The impact of FDI on economic growth of recipient country has been one of varying opinions among authors.A huge literature exists concerning different effects of foreign investment on economic development in a recipient economy. Currently FDI sustains the most dynamic development in the world economy in comparison with other forms of foreign financing (De Gregorio, 1992). Most theoretical and empirical findings (see chapter 3) imply that FDI has a strong positive growth impact on the recipient economy.Within the African context, the Nigerian economy is a unique case, not because it is a developing economy and is quite large, but because during last 15 years the country has not managed to attract significant amounts of FDI (Asiedu, 2002). Typically investment risks are so high in Nigeria that only high profits in export oriented extractive industries (e.g. fuel industry) have attracted much foreign direct investment. This sector exerts a prominent influence on the economy as a key revenue earner. While oil and gas resources have very high revenue yields due to increasing international demand the question of aggregate FDI impact on economic growth remains an open question. This paper attempts to find some answers.Over the last decade, the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Western and Southern Africa has become one of the most promising oil exploration areas in the world with a convergence of interest between African governments, multinational oil companies, international Financial Institutions(Jeromeetal., 2007). Nigeria falls among the six countries which have become key players in the world of energy stake. However, the economic record and lived experience of mineral-exporting countries has generally been disappointing.The World Bank classification of Highly Indebted Poor Countries include twelve of the world 25 most mineral dependent states and six most oil dependent. When taken as a group, all petroleum rich less developed countries has witnessed erosion in their living standards and many rank bottom trey of United Nations Human Development Index. In addition to poor growth records and entrenched poverty, they are also characterized by high level of corruption and a low prevalence of democratization(Jeromeetal., 2007).1.2 FDI DefinedVarious classifications have been made of foreign direct investment. For instance, FDI has been described by the Balance of Payment Manual 5thedition (BPM5) as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct Investor) obtaining a lasting interest of a resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the management of the enterprise.A direct investment relationship is established when the direct investor has acquired 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares or voti ng power of an enterprise abroad (IMF, 1993). This comprises not only the initial transaction establishing the FDI relationship between the direct investor and the direct investment enterprise but all subsequent capital transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises resident in different economies (Pattersonetal., 2004). Once a firm undertakes FDI, it becomes amultinational enterprise(MNEs).Policymakers believe that foreign direct investment produces positive effects on host economies. Some of these benefits are in the form ofexternalitiesand the adoption of foreign technology which could be in the form of licensing, agreements, imitation, employee training and the introduction of new processes by the foreign firms (Alfaroetal., 2004). Multinational enterprises are said to diffuse technology and management know-how to domestic firms (Tangetal., 2008).FDI is conventionally used as a proxy to measure the extent and direction ofMNEactivities (Jones, 1996). Like any other bu siness,MNEshave a major objective of maximizing profit and reducing costs. Hence,MNEsconsider regions with higher returns on investment and enabling environment for business success. This is one of the reasons for more FDI in some places than others. AccordinglyMNEwill invest higher in regions that provide the best mix of the traditional FDI determinants (Berg, 2003). The motivation for investment by multinationals in certain countries much more than othersis discussed elaborately in chapter three1.3. BackgroundThe involvement ofMNEs(through FDI) in extractive industries has had a chequered history. In the early twentieth century, these industries accounted for the largest share of FDI, reflecting the international expansion of firms from the colonial powers. With a growing number of former colonies gaining independence after the Second World War, and the creation of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, the dominance of theseMNEss declined, as did th e share of extractive industries in global FDI.From the mid-1970s, in particular, the share of oil, gas and metal mining in world FDI fell steadily as other sectors grew much faster. However, as a result of rising mineral prices, the share of extractive industries in global FDI has recently increased, although it is still much lower than those of services and manufacturing. It is therefore an opportune timeto revisit the impact of FDI into theextractive industries has on economic development.Measuring the effect of FDI on economic growth occupies a substantial body of economic literature. Many theoretical and empirical studies have identified several channels through which FDI may positively or negatively affect economic growth (Akinlo, 2003,Mello, 1997). Not many studies have reported on the effects of FDI in Africa and most existing studies have concentrated on economies with high FDI in the manufacturing industries unlike economies with high FDI inflow in the extractive sector (a s the case of Nigeria).Several factors suggest that the indirect benefits of FDI maybe less in extractive sector especially oil industries. Reasons given for this are that firstly, the extractive sector (such as oilsub-sector) is often an enclave sector with little linkages with the other sectors. Secondly, the knowledge and technology embedded in the sector is extremely capital intensive and so transfer of knowledge and technology maybe less. Also, the capital requirement and large economies of scale may not attract new entrants into the sector as in the manufacturing sector.Furthermore, not all sector of the economy have the same potential to absorb foreign technology or create linkages with the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958).Finally, sales in this sector are foreign market oriented and require fewer input of materials and intermediate goods from local suppliers. Hence will have less forward and backward linkages(Akinlo, 2004). Thesensitivity of project to world commodity p rice also make it been view as a volatie sector (WorldBank, 2005)Given the pattern of foreign direct investment flow to Nigeria (mostly in oil and gas sector) and the angst-ridden as regards the benefits from the extractive FDI, it is apposite to examine empirically the situation in Nigeria. This constitutes the objective of this research. An analysis of this will be done for the period between 1980 and 20061.4Overview of Foreign Direct Investment1.5Natural Resources and Economic DevelopmentSince the 1950s, economists have been concerned that economies dominated by natural resources would somehow be disadvantaged in the drive for economic progress. In the 1950s and 1960s, this concern was based upon deteriorating terms of trade between the centre and periphery (Prebisch, 1964) coupled with concern over the limited economic linkages from primary product exports to the rest of the economy (Hirschman, 1958). In the 1970s, it was driven by the impact of the oil shocks on the oil exporti ng countries (Wijnbergenand Van, 1986,Mabroand Monroe, 1974).In the 1980s, the phenomenon of Dutch Disease (the impact of an overvalued exchange rate on the non-resource traded sector) attracted attention (Corden, 1984). Finally in the 1990s, it was the impact of revenues from oil, gas and mineral projects on government behaviour that dominated the discussion (Stevens, 1991,Gelb, 1988).The common thread running through these concerns is that the development of natural resources should generate revenues to translate into economic growth and development. Thus the revenues accruing to the economies should provide capital in the form of foreign exchange overcoming what was seen as a key barrier to economic progress. This could be explained both in terms of common sense (more money means a better standard of life) and development theories the requirement for a big-push (Murphyetal., 1989), capital constraints (Lewis, 1955,Rostow, 1960) and dual-gap analysis (Shibleyandthirlwall, 1981).H owever, the reality appeared to be the reverse. Countries with abundant natural resources appeared to perform less well than their more poorly endowed neighbors. Thus the term resource curse began to enter the literature (Vanderlinde, 1994). More recently there has been a revival of interest in the phenomenon of resource curse. Furthermore, this has drawn the attention of a much wider audience than previously.Growing concern among a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) regarding the negative effects of oil, gas and mineral projects on developing countries has had several effects. It has forced the World Bank group to consider their role in such projects. This has culminated in the creation of the Extractive Industry Review based in Jakarta to consider whether the World Bank Group should, as a matter of principle, have any involvement with such projects. Disagreement within and between the World Bank and the IMF have further fuelled the debate over how such revenues should be managed.NGOconcern has also encouraged the more responsible petroleum and mineral corporations to consider the impact of their investment in such projects on the countries concerned. However, in the literature that has focused on resource curse, there are references to countries that allegedly managed to avoid a curse and instead received a blessing. For example, even the report produced byOxfamAmerica (Ross, 2001) which is strongly negative towards such projects, states There are exceptions some states with large extractive industries like Botswana, Chile and Malaysia have overcome many of the obstacles and implemented sound pro-poor strategies. There are similar references elsewhere to success stories Botswana (Hope, 1998, Love, 1994), Chile (Schurman, 1996), Indonesia (Usui, 1996), Malaysia (Rasiahand Shari, 2001), and Norway (Wright andCzelutsa, 2002).Nigeria is Africas most populous country with close to 132 million inhabitants. However, approximately 55% of the popula tion lives on less than the value of one US dollar per day. The Nigerian economy depends heavily on the oil sector, which contributes 95% of export revenues, 76% of government revenues and about a third of gross domestic product. Before the establishment of democracy in 1999, the country was governed by military generals, under whose rule Nigerias economic performance had taken a beating for 15 consecutive years (Datamonitor, 2007).Nigeria has a dual economy with a modern segment dependent on oil earnings, overlaid by a traditional agricultural and trading economy. At independence in 1960 agriculture accounted for well over half of GDP, and was the main source of export earnings and public revenue. The oil sector, which emerged in the 1960s and was firmly established during the 1970s, is now of overwhelming importance to the point of over-dependence.Undoubtedly, Africa and indeed Nigeria is facing an economic crises situation featured by inadequate resources for long-term developmen t, high poverty level, low capacity utilization, high level of unemployment and other Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) increasingly becoming difficult to achieve by 2020. Foreign direct investment has assumed prominent place in her strategy as a way of boosting economic rival and growth. It is also seen by policy makers at all levels as a way of bridging the resource gap of the country and avoiding further debt build-up (UNCTAD, 2005).This has brought about several changes in policy and regulations in order to encourage foreign investor to invest in the country. Other measures include the liberalization of the foreign investment regime to allow major foreign ownership, lifting foreign exchange controls and the privatization of Nigerias public enterprises. This research is aimed to take an in-depth analysis of the major private capital flow foreign direct investment to a growing economy Nigeria. This investment trend will be narrowed down to the extractive sector and in particul ar the oil and gas sector with the aim of investigating how investment in this sector translate to economic growth.1.6 Research GapDuring the last decade, a number of interesting studies in the role of foreign direct investment in stimulating economic growth has appeared. Several authors have observed that the major reason for increased effort in attracting more FDI has been stemmed from the belief that FDI has several positive effects (Levine andCarkovic, 2002, Caves, 1996).In contributing to the importance of FDI, it has also been shown that FDI is three times more efficient than domestic investment (De-Gregorio, 2003). Available evidence for developed countries seems to support the idea that productivity of domestic firms is positively related to the presence of foreign firms (Globerman, 1979). The result for developing countries are not clear, with some finding positive spillover (Blomstrom, 1986,Kokko, 1994), and others reporting limited evidence (Aitkenetal., 1997).Earlier stu dies on FDI showed that target countries receive very few benefits and in most cases negative effect on economic growth (Singer, 1950Prebisch, 1968Saltz, 1992Bosetal., 1974 cited in (Katerinaetal., 2004). A positiveeffect is only contingent on the absorptive capacity of the host country(Durham, 2004).Many research have shown that FDI stimulates economic growth (Borenszteinetal., 1998, Amy Jocelyn andKamal, 1999) as seen in chinas economic growth (Dees, 1998 cited in (Ayanwale, 2007) and Latin American countries (Mello, 1997) showing that inflow of capital brings about increase in investment level.FDI has also been shown to have both a positive and negative effect on economic development depending on the variables1that are used along side the test equation(UNCTAD, 1998 1999). Its effect has also been more positively acclaimed in countries with higher institutional capabilities (Olofsdotter, 1998) and economically less advanced countries (like Philippines and Thailand) but negatively on more economically advanced countries like Japan and Taiwan (Bende-Nabendeand Ford, 1998). In essence, the impact FDI has on growth of any economy may be country an period specific and as such there is a need for country specific studies.Several studies have shown varying relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. For example,Odozi(1995)study showed that Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP hereafter) of Nigeria contributed to the FDI-growth relationship. He revealed that macro-policies before SAP discouraged foreign investors.Ogiogo(1995) reported a negative contribution of public investment to GDP growth for the reason of distortion. However, positive linkage effect of FDI-growth relationship was shown byAluko(1961). Private domestic investment was also shown byAriyo(1998)to contribute positively to raising GDP-growth rate for the period 1970-1995.Oyinlola(1995) usingCheneryand Stouts two-gap model found a positive relationship between FDI and economic growth.Ekpo(1 995) using time series data revealed that political regime, real income percapita, inflation rate, credit rating and debt service were key factors explaining variabilityin FDI into Nigeria. Using unrelated regression model, FDI was shown to be pro-consumption and pro-import hence showing a negative relationship to domestic investment (Adelegan, 2000 cited inAyanwale, 2007) and statistically insignificant effect was shown for FDI-growth (Akinlo, 2004).More recent findings byAyanwale(2007) revealed that FDI contributes positively to Nigerias economic growth with the communication sector accounting for the highest potential to grow that economy. He also opined that FDI in the manufacturing sector has a negative relationship with economic growth suggesting that the business climate is not healthy enough for the manufacturing sector to thrive and contribute to positive growth.Crude oil discovery and exploration has been said to have both positive and negative effect on Nigeria. The negat ive side is seen in term of the environmental degradation, deprived means of livelihood and other economic and social factors experienced by surrounding communities where the oil wells are exploited while the positive side is viewed from the large proceeds from domestic sale and export of petroleum products. However, its effect on the growth of the Nigerian economy as regards returns and productivity is still questionable (Odularu, 2007).This review shows that the debate on the impact of FDI on economic growth is far from being conclusive. The role of FDI can be country specific and its relationship with growth can either be positive, negative or insignificant depending on the macroeconomic dispensation (economic,institutionalandtechnologicalconditions) in the recipient country (Zhang, 2001). Even though none of these studies controlled for the fact that must of the FDI was concentrated in the extractive industry, they did not specifically investigate the relationship between oil-FD I and economic growth. This is the focus of this study.1.7 Research Objectives and QuestionsFew research on FDI into Sub-Saharan Africa have shown empirical evidence of FDI and economic growth as ambiguous (Ayanwale, 2007). In theory FDI is believed to have several positive effects on the economy of host country (such as productivity gains, technology transfers, the introduction of new processes, managerial know-how and skills, employee training etc), promoting its growth and in general, a significant factor in modernizing the host countrys economy (Katerinaetal., 2004). However, there is no clear understanding of its contribution to growth (Bora, 2002).This research was driven by the following questionsHas foreign direct investment into Nigerian oil and gas sector brought about economic development?What is the transmission mechanism through which FDI brings about growth1.8 Methodology1.9 Dissertation OutlineThe rest of the paper is organized as followsChapter TwoThis chapter is the literature review and shall be discussed in three subsection. The first two sections shall seek to review the theories and motivation for Foreign direct investment and the third section deals with the theoretical and analytic review of literature on FDI Growth linkages. This shall seek to answer the question on the mechanism through which FDI result in economic growth.Chapter ThreeThis chapter discusses the case study Nigeria and reviews the contribution performance and challenges of the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Also, the impact of this sector on economic growth is discussed.Chapter FourThe methodology and theoretical framework for the analysis is the objective of this chapter. This section discusses the research approach and data collection mode. The variables for analysis and the model for shall be derived.Chapter FiveData Analysis of the result and findings shall be the aim of this chapter.Chapter SixThis chapter shall form the conclusion of the research and give a summa ry of the findings, suggestion for improving economic growth in Nigeria and recommendation for further study.Chapter ThreeLiterature Review3.0 IntroductionForeign direct investment is in general motivated by both pull and push factors. The push factors are external to developing countries and focuses majorly on growth and financial market conditions in industrial countries. On the other hand, the pull factors are dependent (on a lot of factors) domestic policies and characteristics of host countries. While the push factors determine the totality of available resources, the push factors determine its allocation between countries (Ajayi, 2004).The diversity of theoretical and empirical explanations for the impact and influence of FDI (and growth) is without doubt very rich. Many studies among others have emphasized conducive macroeconomic policy, increased liberalization of markets, large domestic markets, liberal trade regime, low labour cost, availability of natural resources, good infrastructure and investment in human capital (bring about an educative workforce) (Ajayi, 2003).This review therefore draws from many of these works with the particular aim of providing an understanding of the theoretical and empirical background, views and present thought on the relationship between FDI and economic growth.The discussion shall be presented in three sections. The first two sections shall discuss the theories and motivation for FDI and the third section involves theoretical and empirical review of the literature of FDI and economic growth from four perspectives trade or export (openness), linkages and spillover effect, knowledge and technology transfer and human capital.3.1 Theories of FDIFDI can take the form of a Greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or merger with an existing local firm. Majority of cross-border investment is in the form of merger and acquisition rather than Greenfield investments. According to estimates by United Nations, 40 to 80 percent of all FDI inflows between 1998 and 2005 were in the form of mergers and acquisition (Hill, 2009). However, FDI flows into developed nations are different from those of developing nations. For developing nations only about one- third of FDI is in the form of cross-border merger and acquisition. This may simply reflect the fact that there are fewer firms to acquire in developing nations (Hill, 2009).For the purpose of this research, I have concentrated on two theories of FDI which are relevant to the study. The first perspective explains why firms in the same industry often undertake FDI at the same time and why certain locations are favoured over others (i.e. the observed pattern of FDI). The second is known as the eclectic paradigm. This perspective is eclectic because it combines the best aspects of other theories into a single explanation.In proceeding with the discussion, we define some terms. When goods are produced at home and then shipped to the receiving co untry for sale, it is known as exporting. The process of granting a foreign entity (the licensee) rights to produce and sell the firms product in return for a royalty fee on every unit sold is known as Licensing.Foreign direct investment has been view as an expensive and risky venture compared to exporting and licensing. This is because firms bear the cost of establishing production facilities in a foreign country or acquiring a foreign enterprise and the risk of doing business in countries with different culture. In exporting, firms need not bear cost associated with FDI and risk can be reduced by the use of local sales agents. Similarly, under licensing, the licensee bears the cost and risks. However, it is worth noting in summary that firms will choose FDI over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, firms will favor FDI over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control of technological know-how or over its operations and business strategy or when firms capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing (Hill, 2009).3.1.1 The Pattern of FDI3.1.1.1 Strategic BehaviourThe idea that FDI flow reflects strategic rivalry between firms in the global marketplace is the basis for one of the theories of FDI. In studying the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries F. T. Knickerbocker proposed a variation to this argument. An oligopoly is an industry made up of a small number of large players (for example, an industry in which four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market). One key features of such market is the interdependence of major players the action of one firm have immediate impact on the major competitors, forcing a response in kind.This interdependence leads to imitative behaviour rivals are usually quick to imitate opponents in and oligopoly the bandwagon effect. Imitative behaviour can take many forms in an oligopoly. Some good examples are price war and capacity increase. Rivals imitate lest they be left at a disadvantage in the future. F. T. Knickerbocker argued that the same kind of imitative behaviour characterizes FDI.Although Knickerbockers theory and its extensions can help to explain imitative FDI behaviour by firms in oligopolistic industry, it does not explain the choice and efficiency of FDI over exporting or licensing. This is explained by the internalization theory.3.1.1.2 The Product Life Cycle TheoryThe product life cycle theory was proposed by Raymond Vernon in the mid-1960s and was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U.S. firms and sold first in the U.S. market (e.g. automobiles, photocopiers, televisions and semiconductor chips). Vernon opined that the wealth and size of the U.S. market gave U.S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products and the high labour cost also gave firms in the U.S. an incentive to develop cost-saving process innovations.The theory went further to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries does not make it worth while for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some export from the United State to those countries. However, over time the demand for new product starts to grow in other advanced countries. As this happens, foreign producer begin to produce at home for their own market and growing demand causes U.S. firms to setup production facilities in those advanced countries. This limits the potential for export for the United States. Finally, at maturity product becomes standardized, cost consideration start to play a greater role in the competitive process and producer in advanced countries with lower labour cost than the U.S. might now begin to export to the United States. Under intense cost pressure, the cycle by which the United State lost its advantage to other advanced countries might be repeated once more as developing countries begin to acquire a production advantage over advanced countries (Hill, 2009).The effect of these trends is that over time the United States switches form being an exporter of the product to an importer of the product as production becomes concentrated in lower-cost foreign locations.The product life cycle seems to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. However, the product l