The Metamorphosis of Bertha in Katherine Mansfield’s Bliss Essay

The Metamorphosis of Bertha in Katherine Mansfields Bliss Katherine Mansfields Bliss is quite an interesting story blanket(a) of underlying meanings and themes. Upon a first reading, it seems to be a simple story of a adult female who feels uncontainable bliss one day, only to have it end when she discovers her husband is having an affair. Although this is a correct interpretation, after a second reading, much more is apparent. Bliss is a story of the revelation of a vibrant young woman, of reproval of society, and of sexual revolution. In order to fully comprehend the work, we see that significance comes from small details. A tree is the major symbol in this piece, and the details countenance in understanding why the pear tree is so important. The method of seeing details as they occur allows readers to relate new details to those in the past. A whole and complete picture can be obtained this way with the details clearly laid out chronologically. The story ope ns by presenting the audience with Bertha Young, a thirty-year old woman who feels as if she is a child again as she wanted to run instead of walk, to take dancing steps on and finish up the pavement, to bowl a hoop, to throw something up in the air and catch it again, or to stand still and laugh at--nothingat nothing, simply (143). As she moves fling off the street, a feeling of absolute bliss overcomes her. This is where the reader begins to believe that he/she get out receive an account of this womans wonderful day and of something mythologic that happened to her. Quite the contrary is true, however. Bertha walks into her home, and the first negative images of the story are felt. Her dining room is described as dusky and quite chilly (143).... ...e fulfilled. Bertha is a woman who has no desire, and Mansfield feels sympathy for her. Bertha is, however, evolving into a feeling, sexual person as she discovers her want to be with her husband physically. The pear tree is the dominant symbol of this story. Although it shows Berthas sexuality, it to a fault shows her resilience. She is able to weather storms and still be beautiful, as is the tree. At the end of the story, the tree is cast in the light of the moon. Since it has already been discussed that the moon symbolizes truth, the moon covering on the pear tree that is still healthy, Bertha will be able to move on and survive. The tree shows that life will go on, as will Bertha, even though she has taken this devastating blow. Work CitedMansfield, Katherine. The Short Stories of Katherine Mansfield. New York A.A. Knopf, 1937.

Spreadsheet report - intended for a science teacher teaching a Year 10 :: Computer Science

Spreadsheet report - intended for a science teacher learn a Year 10 class in a secondary school. He is having difficulty managing all of the data concerning the marks and attendance of class 10X2.Spreadsheet ReportThe spreadsheet is intended for a science teacher teaching a Year 10class in a secondary school. He is having difficulty managing all ofthe data concerning the marks and attendance of class 10X2. He wouldlike to know if a computer could aid him to process the data frommodule tests that are being taken this year. He would like to knowwhether the pupils are on target or not, the grades gained from thetests, the total marks and grades, and the average, minimum andmaximum marks and grades. He would also like the computer to help himto keep lead story attendance. He would like to know the total attendanceof the members of his class.When complete, the spreadsheet will automatically calculate the gradeof each module test, and display whether the pupil is working at heirlevel. I t will also calculate the total marks and average grade ofeach pupil, and for the entire class. This will be shown on one sheet,whilst on another, the total number of attendances and the totalattendance as a percentage over a whole term will be shown. This willbe useful for the teacher so as he can monitor his pupils and helpthose who are under performing easily.In order to do this, I needed to plan out the spreadsheet. I workedout what sheets and tables I needed, and figured out which functionsand formulae I would be using to calculate with. I planned to possess twosheets, Tests and Attendance. The Tests sheet contains three tables.The first is the Results table and it contains the results of thescience module tests. The pupils surname and forename are located inthe first two columns, and their evaluate mark in the third column.The data relating to each separate test is located in three adjacentcolumns, with a merged cell to a higher place tying them together. There are fourof t hese next to each other, one for each module. The first column inthe group of three is called Marks, and this contains the actual slayfrom each test. The next column is called Grade and this shows thegrade corresponding to the mark. This grade is obtained from thesecond table, called Points, which contains the points and gradingsystem. Using the VLOOKUP function does this. The cell references heremust be absolutes. The third and final column is called Attainment.

Nick Carraway - Biased Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Nick Carraway - Biased Narrator of The Great Gatsby       The Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It is a novel that tells the story of different peoples lives and how they are intertwined with each other. The story is told from the viewpoint of the character Nick Carraway. It is through his eyes and ears that the reader forms their opinions of the other characters. In the novel the characters trust Nick and confide in him quite a bit. He thinks of himself as an open minded non-judgemental, non-partial person. I think that it is almost hopeless to live your life and not judge others and also not be partial and judge different individuals with different standards.   Nick wants the readers to believe that the way he was raised gives him the right to pass judgement on a immoral world. He says, that as a consequence of the way he was raised he is inclined to reserve all judgements about other people (page 5). His saying this makes it seem like we can trust him to give a fair unsophisticated account of the story that he is telling, but we later learn that he does not reserve all judgements. Nick further makes us feel that he is a non-partisan narrator by the way he tells of his past. We come to see that Nick is very partial in his way of telling the story. This is shown when he admits azoic in the story that he does not judge Gatsby because Gatsby had a extraordinary gift for hope, a romanric readiness. This made Nick more loyal to Gatsby than other characters in the book.   Nick overlooks the wrongness of Gatsbys bootlegging, his known associations with speakeasies, and with the character Meyer Wolfsheim, a man rumored to have fixed the World Series in 1919. Yet he is evaluate of Jordan Baker for cheating ina golf game. He also says that he is prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman, It made no variation to me. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you cannot blame too deeply, I was caus ualy sorry, and then I forgot it seems like he cant accept her for macrocosm incurably dishonest and then he says that his one cardinal virtue is that he is one of the few honest people he has ever known.

Earnest Hemingway :: essays research papers fc

Earnest HemingwayEarnest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park Illinois.After graduating from high school, he got a job at a papercalled "Kansas City Star". Hemingway continually tried to enterthe military, but his messed up eye, hindered this task.Hemingway had managed to get a job driving an American crimson Crossambulance. During this expedition, he was injured and hospitalized. Hemingway had an crush for a particular nurse at that hospital, her name was Agnes von Kurowsky. Hemingway continually proposed to her, and she continually denied.When Hemingway healed his injuries, he moved cover song to Michigan,and had wanted to write again. When he married HadleyRichardson and was working in France, as a foreign correspondent,for the "Toronto Star". In 1925, he wrote a book called "In OurTime", which was marketed in New York. The next year he publisheda book called "The Sun Also Rises", a novel where he had his head start success. "The Sun Also Ri ses", deals with a group of desultory people in exile from France and Spain-members of the "lostgeneration", a phrase made famous by Hemingway himself.In post-war years, Hemingway spent most of his time writebooks. But, when his first marriage failed, and had a son,John, he had married Pauline Pfeiffer, who had his next 2children. Based in Paris, he had traveled for skiing,bullfighting, fishing, or hunting that by then had become whatmost of his work was all about. Hemingway, started writing short stories, among them was "MenWithout Women" in 1927, and "A Farewell to Arms" in 1929.This story shows a roll in the hay story within a war time setting. Many people believe that Hemingway, did his writing at this period of his life. He once confessed "If I had not been hunting and fishing, I would have probably been writing."     Hemingways stories were based on adventure,and different aspects of it. His love of Spain, and his love ofbullfighting, led him to write a book called "Death in theAfternoon". During the 1930s, Spain was in a civil war, stillhaving ties in Spain, Hemingway made 4 trips their. He raisedmoney, for a party called the "Loyalists". He wrote a book aboutit called "The Fifth Column". In this book, the narrator is the protagonist. From more experience in Spain, he wrote a book called "Whom the Bell Tolls" in 1940. This book was the mostsuccessful writing, based on sales of the book. All of Hemingways life, has been fascinated by wars. For example, in "A Farewell to Arms", he focused on how war had

Free Grendel Essays: Social Commentary :: Grendel Essays

Authors often have to choose between concentrating on either bandage or social commentary when writing their novels in John Gardeners Grendel, the plot becomes is a secondary consideration.   Grendels exploits provide the reader with a clear understanding of the self-coloured opinions the author carries and can be seen clearly as a narrative supporting nihilism in its many forms. The reader easily perceives the blatant spectral subtext in the guise of corrupt priests and the foolish faithful. The notion of the old being wise is unacceptable to Gardener along with any notion of hero idolization. at bottom his novel, Gardner expresses his views concerning religion, soundness and nature. Religion plays a large role in Grendel. Priests do not want to perform their services with come out the proper payment, which, in turn, allows the rich the or so access to religion and God. The citizens of the village are also confusingly polytheistic and monotheistic. When praying to thei r king graven image does not decrease the frequency of Grendels visits, they retreat to begging any god of which they have known for help. This reveals their faith to be not faith at all but rather faith that will remain faith as long as it can be proven. A proven religious faith is contradictory term, for it can only be placed in a religion that cannot be proven lest it is true faith no longer. Grendels interludes with the genus Draco portray, at their onsets, the dragon as a worldly, wise creature with much to share. The dragon haughtily informs Grendel about his vast store of knowledge as he teases him with how much he knows. As Grendels interests are piqued, the dragon expends the cumulative result of his travails do how much youve got, and beware of strangersMy advice to you, my violent friend, is to seek out gold and sit on it (Gardner page ). Although the dragon serves as a vessel to point out the necessity of Grendel and makes some pointed observations about mankind, all his respectability is lost with those two short sentences. The author is making an observation about materialism and the falsehood of wisdom always accompanying age. After all his years of intense scrutiny, the dragon can only grasp from human- and animalkind alike that possessions are the key to lifes existence. Nature against parliamentary law is also discussed in Grendel. The fact that citizens surrounded with religion and social status could be so easily overtaken by nature (Grendel) gives a sense of chaff to the reader.

Free Grendel Essays: Social Commentary :: Grendel Essays

Authors often have to choose between concentrating on either plot or social commentary when writing their novels in John Gardeners Grendel, the plot becomes is a secondary consideration.   Grendels exploits provide the reader with a clear understanding of the strong opinions the author carries and substructure be seen clearly as a narrative supporting nihilism in its many forms. The reader easily perceives the blatant religious subtext in the guise of dapple priests and the foolish creditful. The notion of the old being wise is unacceptable to Gardener along with any notion of hero idolization. Within his novel, Gardner expresses his views concerning religion, wisdom and nature. Religion plays a large role in Grendel. Priests do not want to perform their services without the proper payment, which, in turn, allows the rich the most access to religion and God. The citizens of the village atomic number 18 also confusingly polytheistic and monotheistic. When praying to their king god does not decrease the frequency of Grendels visits, they retreat to begging any god of which they have known for help. This reveals their faith to be not faith at all but rather faith that will remain faith as long as it can be turn up. A proven religious faith is contradictory term, for it can only be placed in a religion that cannot be proven lest it is true faith no longer. Grendels interludes with the dragon portray, at their onsets, the dragon as a worldly, wise creature with much to share. The dragon haughtily informs Grendel close his extensive store of knowledge as he teases him with how much he knows. As Grendels interests are piqued, the dragon expends the cumulative result of his travails Know how much youve got, and beware of strangersMy advice to you, my waste friend, is to seek out gold and sit on it (Gardner page ). Although the dragon serves as a vessel to point out the necessity of Grendel and makes some pointed observations about mankind, all his resp ectability is lost with those two short sentences. The author is making an observation about materialism and the falsehood of wisdom always accompanying age. by and by all his years of intense scrutiny, the dragon can only grasp from human- and animalkind alike that possessions are the key to lifes existence. Nature against society is also discussed in Grendel. The event that citizens surrounded with religion and social status could be so easily overtaken by nature (Grendel) gives a sense of irony to the reader.

Add MediaVisualText

IMPORTANCE OF PARTNERSHIP When parents and practitioners work together it has a positive impact on babyrens culture and learning. This can be achieved through communication, learning together (e. g. actively involving fathers) and respecting motley. Be sure to send a text to parent(s) during the day should their child say/do something cute or just to let them know that youre both having fun together.You could even send them a picture of the delicious pizza their child just created, for example. Parents then feel included and have peace of mind knowing that their child is happy and healthy. First impressions last and so carers, making you and your radical warm and welcoming will immediately put parents at ease. Likewise, parents should also be neat and presentable when meeting a prospective childcarer. A bipartite flow of information and knowledge between parents and carers ensure effective communication.Having posters and pictures on display which reiterate the carers positive a ttitude towards social and cultural diversity as state in their Equal Opportunities policy will not only give parents a feel for the environment that their children will be in, besides also help children and families to recognise that they are valued. Routines are very outstanding for children as they like to know when certain things are going to happen i. e. mealtimes, calm time, drop-off and collection etc. theyre key to establishing a sense of stability and care for children and allowing them to master their environment.Wherever possible, all routines should fit in with parents wishes (i. e. attitudes re TV, food and sleeping) and should meet the childs withdraws. i. e. incorporating childs interests in nature by collecting leaves/flowers/sticks/stones on walks and perhaps creating a piece of art with them. fabricate sure routines are based on each individual child and their specific interests/needs. All children develop different stages at different time, but the full ge neral sequence of milestones is the same. This means youll need to constantly adapt some routines to accommodate the changing needs of children as they develop.For example, as boys get older they really need a lot more physical activity to burn off the energy they have and so more ball games or longer outside activities may be required. Upon arrival in the mornings greet each child individually with a warm voice and smile. Mention or comment on something specific that theyre wearing or carrying. Throughout the day listen to them and dont rush daily tasks. This will make them feel important and cared for. Sources Riddall-Leech, S, Home-based Childcare pg 131, Essex, Heinemann EYFS 2008 2. 2 Parents as Partners, Communication

How Vsat Network Works

How does a VSAT mesh work? A VSAT network has three lots A central hub (also called a crucify earth station) The air A virtually unlimited chassis of VSAT earth stations in various locations across a country or innocent Content originates at the hub, which features a very large -15 to 36-foot (4,5 -11m)- forward pass. The hub controls the network through a network management system (NMS) server, which allows a network operator to monitor and control all components of the network. The NMS operator can view, modify and download individual configuration schooling to the individual VSATs. pic Outbound information (from the hub to the VSATs) is sent up to the conference theory satellites transponder, which receives it, amplifies it and beams it back to earth for reception by the remote VSATs. The VSATs at the remote locations send information inbound (from the VSATs to the hub) via the equal satellite transponder to the hub station. This arrangement, where all network comm unication passes through the networks hub processor, is called a star configuration, with the hub station at the center of the star.One major advantage of this configuration is that there is virtually no limit on the number of remote VSATs that can be connected the hub. Mesh configurations also allow for direct communication between VSATs. What is a VSAT? A very small aperture entrepot (VSAT) is a device known as an earth station that is used to receive satellite transmissions. The very small component of the VSAT acronym refers to the size of the VSAT dish antenna -typically about 2 to 4 feet (0. 55-1. 2 m) in diameter- that is mounted on a roof on a wall, or pose on the ground.This antenna, on with the attached low-noise blocker or LNB (which receives satellite signals) and the transmitter (which sends signals) make up the VSAT outdoor unit (ODU), one of the two components of a VSAT earth station. pic The second component of VSAT earth station is the indoor unit (IDU) . The indoor unit is a small desktop box or PC that contains receiver and transmitter boards and an port to communicate with the users existing in-house equipment LANs, servers, PCs, TVs, kiosks, etc. The indoor unit is connected to the outdoor unit with a pair of cables. pic The key advantage of a VSAT earth station, versus a typical terrestrial network connection, is that VSATs be not limited by the reach of buried cable. A VSAT earth station can be placed anywhere as long as it has an unobstructed view of the satellite. VSATs are capable of sending and receiving all sorts of video, data and audio content at the same high speed regardless of their distance from terrestrial switching offices and infrastructure. Advantages of VSAT technology As companies compete for an increasingly savvy customer looking for value (quality and service), information technology and communications networks are becoming tools to achieve business goals. Todays networks must support the need to improve customer service, growth per site revenues and reduce cost (all driving net income growth) in the most cost-effective manner possible. Further, network managers want virtual 100% availability. They need to easily expand the network when they acquire, cash in ones chips or add new sites to the operations.In addition, they require network flexibility ease of migration from existing legacy systems as well as addition of new network applications as their companies offer additional function to its customers Businesses and organizations give many reasons for using VSAT networks over terrestrial alternatives. Among them are pCost-effective ic pFlexibility ic p handiness ic pAvailability ic pReliability ic pVersatility ic pTransmission quality ic pHigh network performance ic pFast transmissions ic pControl ic pAbility to handle large amounts of data ic pSingle vendor solution for both equipment and bandwidth ic pBroadcast capability ic pAbility to handle Voice, Video and Data ic OVERVIEW VSAT technology is a telecommunication system based on wireless satellite technology. The term VSAT stands for precise Small Aperture Terminal. As the definition itself indicates, VSAT technology is made up of a small satellite earth station and a typical antenna of 1. 8 meter diameter. There are three components in a VSAT network. The first is called the Master Earth Station which is the network control center for the entire VSAT network.The configuration, observe and management of the VSAT network are done at this location. pic The Master Earth Station also has a large six-meter antenna, a fully redundant electronics, poised backup power system, and a regulated air conditioning system. This Master Earth Station is manned 24 x 7 days throughout the year. The second component is the VSAT remote earth station. This is the hardware installed at the customers premises that includes the outd oor unit (ODU), the indoor unit (IDU) and the interfacility link (IFL). The VSAT outdoor unit consists of a standard 1. 8 meter offset feed antenna, a solid state amplifier (SSPA), a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), and a Feedhorn.The indoor unit is a VCR-sized unit that houses the communications electronics that includes interface with the customers equipment such as computers or telephones. The IFL consists of coaxial cables that connects the outdoor unit to the indoor unit. pic The third component of a VSAT network is the satellite itself. All signals sent between the VSAT earth stations are beamed through the satellite. The VSAT system uses a geostationary satellite, which is orbiting at 36,000 km above the ground. VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) are small fixed satellite antennas that provide highly reliable communication means for data, voice and fax between almost any number of geographically dispersed sites.VSAT technology represents a cost effective solution for users seeking an independent communications network connecting a number of remote sites. VSAT networks offer value-added satellite-based services capable of supporting the Internet, data, LAN, voice/fax communications, and can provide powerful, dependable private and public network communications VSAT satellite communication provides reliable digital data communication and the use of VSAT provides the ability to expand capacity and system growth, while maintaining a handle on costs which are closely associated with the increase in capacity or system growth. VSATs are used for a wide variety of telecommunications applications, including -Internet/Intranet access -Corporate networks SCADA/Line monitor -Rural telecoms -Environmental Monitoring -Distance Learning -Seismic Monitoring -Telemedicine -Utility monitoring -Disaster recovery -Remote Video Monitoring -Ship-board communications Corporate companies are now utilising both terrestrial and satellite communication to connect to remote offices mo st the country side. The cost and security advantage of satellite bandwidth compared with some terrestrial circuits ensures that the number and diversity of VSAT networks will continue to grow in the future. The mining, construction and embrocate&gas industries are typical examples of applications which find advantages with VSAT.

Why Is Media Effects Important

16 CHAPTER 1 paradigm (Gitlin, 1978), more efficiencyy, yet subtle put ups, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the experimental condition quo, atomic number 18 unable to be studied so they atomic number 18 ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions rough the existence and substance of media effects, wherefore is it authorized to address to study them? Students in introductory pile communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution.Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. In 1993, the enjoyment industry alone (movies, music, cable picture, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is as well an importa nt political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate s slewdal, for example, was brought to light by the capital of the United States Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times.Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republi stools spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and give-and-take program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass mediapress conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses almost various issues on Saturday mornings.These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a latest presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entertainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news 70. 3% were regular viewing audience of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of web television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel & Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main causations for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars ac experience that mass media effects potentiometer occur, we still dont know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we dont know how exponentful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we dont know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects.Most importa ntly, we dont go steady all the marches by which mass communication can lead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A indorsement reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can profuse the conditions and understand the various processes of media effectshow media effects occurwe can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects go a vogue allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals.Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to countenance prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative med ia effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also understand how to mitigate negative effects.No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. ship canal TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson & Meyer, 1988 Chaffee, 1977 McGuire, 1986 J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, & Pan, 1991 J. M. McLeod & Reeves, 1980 Roberts & Maccoby, 1985).Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a on the spur of the moment letter between acquisition of knowledge about an action and perform ance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models that see human action as logical and dictated by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985).This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, engraft that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949). The possibleness of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints.Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been groun ded in psychological approaches. So, there is a riches of research on media effects at the individual, or microlevel. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects.Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect a widening gap in knowledge between higher and sink SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975).So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects skill conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influ ences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson & Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the completeness, accuracy, or objectivity of medias presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980 Herman & Chomsky, 1988 Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted.Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintendedplanned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences access that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevancy of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence.The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and dis bank of others (Gerbner & Gross, 1976 Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to economic aid mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch.If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to honour the real power structure in society by structuring actuallyity for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite d ifferent. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings affixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness.Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal & Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself.The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nutritional analogy, We are what we eat We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch.Or, one way to reduce knowledgeable aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people engender politically narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. W atching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children are renewal homework and study with television watching (Armstrong & Greenberg, 1990 Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1988) is one writer who has suggested that televisions regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans.Scholars (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of televisions globe features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt & Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982).In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncov er, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short end point Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes.Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the sedulousness of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associate d voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new information) will change voting intentions?And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could terminus. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of advantage versus change.Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching viole nt cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into lumpen desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news.And so on. there is evidence, though, that communications strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect medias power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects.Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial m essages that have little impact. We must be studious not to equate reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small.Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectivelyto maximize desirable outcome s and minimize negative effects.

Men’s Pride Essay

In a story or a work of fiction, the characters are remembered by beliefs and personalities only they possess. These personality and belief make them bear come forward pop out from all(a) the otherwise characters in the story. They do non keep up to be the lead protagonist or the main antagonist quite a, their belief or feature makes them the best in the eyes of some readers. In the side of two greatest works of fiction, Epic of Gilgamesh and Othello, it is the pride of the character and their belief in themselves that makes them stand out from the others. It is the pride and later the ability to set it aside and apologize for their deed.In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh, the great king stood out because he was the proudest of the proud. His belief in himself caused most of the misfortune that took place in the story. Only in the block did he realize his mistakes. The same whitethorn be said on Othello in the play that Shakespeare wrote. He was also proud, and this pride has caused as much misfortune in the story as did the trait of Gilgamesh. This also made him stand out from among the other characters. The Mighty Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic that originated in Iraq. It is a Sumerian legend about a great King, who is like a God.He has a strength that can non be equaled. He is also as powerful as their gods wherein neither homosexual nor animal can defeat him. As such, the gods decided to relieve oneself another being that can equal him. When Gilgamesh met this being, whom the gods named, Enkidu, Gilgamesh immediately liked him. They easily became friends despite the initial plan of the gods to have Enkidu kill Gilgamesh. Their bond was instantaneous. They started doing a good deal of adventures together, stock-still those that are forbidden and may offend gods (Hooker). Unfortunately, in one of their adventures a god was offended and as punishment for this, Enkidu died.After Enkidus remnant Gilgamesh was almost out of his mind an d did more dim-witted decisions that caused misfortunes. However, despite what he saw, he did not apologize but rather remained proud. Only after all his adventures did he come to his knees and realized his mistakes (Hooker). From this short synopsis of the epic, it may be seen that at the very beginning, Gilgamesh already showed his pride and belief in his self. He was cognisant of his great power and the gift of strength that destiny has gifted upon him. The king of Uruk knew that none of his subjects can defeat him or defy him.As such, he lived by this knowledge and used it to his advantage (Epic of Gilgamesh). He was a proud and tyrannical king and he stood out because of this. Even though his arrogant actions caused the close of his best friend Enkidu, this did not erase the fact that he was a memorable character because of it. He was much known than Enkidu not only because he carried the namesake of the epics title, but also because he went against the ships company. He did not become what other kinds are. He was cruel to his subjects. He was almost an antagonist rather than the lead protagonist due to his pride.He made the story move by not conforming to the peoples expectations (Epic of Gilgamesh). However, despite the seemingly terrible character of Gilgamesh he should also be commended for being proud of himself. It should be noted that to stand up and remain proud despite other peoples constant prodding to become nicer is a hard task especially for a king. Even the gods were urging him to become kinder to his subjects but he never gave in. Also, it should be noted that his pride is his strength. Because of it, he was able to overcome other difficult tasks that saved his kingdom.Had he not been that arrogant, he would not have risked his life for the tasks that he was as homeed to and he would not have been able to save his people. Furthermore, he would have committed suicide as a sign of apology for his actions. Thus, with this, the non-conformi ty and the trait of Gilgamesh made him a character that is very memorable. The Proud Othello Shakespeares Othello is about the moor Othello, whose life suddenly made a frolic because of the envy of one of the other characters. The great Othello was promoted in his job and his first action was to appoint an assistant.Iago, who was expecting to get the job, was not chosen. Instead Cassio became Othellos lieutenant. In his fury, Iago desire revenge against Othello and Cassio (Shakespeare). In order to have his revenge realized, Iago weaved lies in the lives of both Cassio and Othello, and even in the lives of other characters involved with the two. This twisted the story to the point that this not only caused Othello and Cassios death, but as well as other people whose lives were connected to them. Most of the people, including Othello, believed the lies that Iago told them.By the end of the story, Othello could no longer cop his guilt and killed himself and claimed responsibility ( Shakespeare). From this short synopsis it may be derived that Othellos life had been simple in the beginning. It was only made complex by the lies that Iago weaved in order to realize his revenge. Despite the fact that Iagos characteristics may actually make him stand out, Othello still is the most memorable character. As in the case of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Othello stood out because of his pride and belief in himself. Being a moor, many would have contradicted his promotion.The society may dislike the fact that a man foreign of nature should not lead the army of Italy. However, because of Othellos pride and confiedence, he proved himself worthy of the title (Black). To further prove that he was not like anyone else, an instance in the story told that most men try to use potions in order to attract the beautiful Desdemona. Desdemonas father even believed that Othello did the same when he learned that Othello was sleeping with his daughter. But then, because of Othellos pride and se lf-belief, he went against the societys expectations. He was able to lure Desdemona without potions or invocation (Shakespeare).Despite the seeming good results of Othellos arrogance though, it should not be neglected that the same arrogance killed Desdemona at the end of the story. The inability to accept the rectitude caused him to kill her. This may be considered saddening as it was not entirely his fault. However, he was still the one who smothered her with the pillow (Shakespeare). Othellos pride and belief in himself made him stand out from the crowd. He did not conform to the expectations that as a foreigner he cannot be a good soldier to their country. He also proved that he can get the woman he admires with sheer manliness and not through potions or magic.Even the fact that he got himself into trouble because of his pride made his character that is not like any other. He defied societys expectations especially when he took his life at the end of the play. This was an act of remorse for rebelling against the expectations that he did not want to apologize for. He did not conform because it would have meant hurting his enormous ego. Conclusion From the given information, it may be concluded that the two characters in the two given pieces of literature, Epic of Gilgamesh and Othello, are characters that stood out from the crowd because of their pride and self-belief.Because of being proud, they could not afford to wed what other believed them to follow. They had to show their ability to decide for their own even though it may mean misfortune. They stood out because they went past the peoples expectations and proved themselves bump than any other man. They had to act according to their will because of their pride which took great strength. More importantly, in the end of their tales, they showed remorse by killing themselves rather than apologizing which the society expects from them.Works CitedBlack, Edward. 2009. Oedipus and Othello Pride and the Tra gic Hero. Lone Star College. 30 April 2009 http//northharris. lonestar. edu/30938/ . Epic of Gilgamesh. 2009. Mythmanhelp. 30 April 2009 http//mythmanhelp. tripod. com/id9. html . Hooker, Richard. 1999. Gilgamesh. World Civilizations. 30 April 2009 http//www. wsu. edu/dee/MESO/GILG. HTM . Shakespeare, William. 2003. Othello. shakespeare-literature. com. 30 April 2009 http//www. shakespeare-literature. com/Othello/0. html .

George Washington Crossing the Delaware Essay

The painting, George Washington Crossing the Delaware is an interesting and well done portrayal of one of the most consequential events in American history. The painting depicts the American revolutionary forces as they cross the Delaware River on their way to fight an important dispute against the British army. There are several important and interesting details of the painting that indicate important historical details and also serve to arouse the look of the painting. The most interesting thing is the attention to detail itself.The artist obviously took a great deal of time to research the history itself and pass the event correct down to every single thing he could find. This is evidenced by the ice in the river and also the decorations on the uniforms. In rise to power to that, light plays a very important role in the painting. Sunlight is breaking into the picture in the background of the painting and it shines directly on George Washington. This is important because it p uts the focus of the painting on George Washington and also because it adds some depth to the painting.The painting takes great care to show the absolute struggle that the Patriots had to go with just to get to the battle. Paddling those full boats would not have been easy under normal conditions, but it was especially difficult under the cold, icy conditions that were present. The painter shows that some every person on the boat had to work as hard as they possibly could in order to make the boat go. This is important in both a historical sense and in the context of creating an interesting painting.

Millennium Development Goals Essay

Abstract Woman is a term usually reserved for an adult, with the term girl being the usual term for a pistillate child or adolescent. However, the term woman is also used to identify a female human, regardless of age. This paper examines the place of vocational precept as a means of women em causationment in Nigeria. How much a nation develops has a lot to do with the quality of human resources and maturational fixment of its citizens. The dissemble of vocational direction programme as a positive instrument for the authorization of women in South-East, Nigeria was discussed.It was predicated on the assumption that vocational education acquisition is well-nigh related to economical say-so of women. This programme as well as the curriculum could be designed to consume c are of the needs of the learners in rear to acquire scientific disciplines necessary for employment, self-reliance and economic exploitation. The acquisition of these vocational skills impart greatly help to empower and transform women into self-reliant persons and nock her economically viable.This economic empowerment will greatly help to ameliorate the incidence of prostitution,kidnapping, and other social vices that are prevalent among women in South-East, Nigeria. Hence, it is recommended among other things, that government, orphic organizations and NGOs should adequately fight sand the funding of vocational education programme.Keywords vocational education, economic empowerment, social vices. INTRODUCTION Women play a central role in the socio-economic maturation of any society. In fact societal sustainable nurture is possible only if women are actively involved. Women must therefore be both(prenominal) participants and beneficiaries of development programmes.The unify Nations study Programme UNDP (1997) observes that women worldwide constitute half of population, perform two thirds of the hours practiseed, are registered as only performing one third of these hours, r eceive only 10% of the worlds income and have 1% of the worlds property registered in their name. This is injustice at its peak, and no sustainable development will take place in such situation of inequality.The Nigerian woman has non pressed dense to derive the large benefit of her economic activism and activities. Going by the 2006 census, almost 50% of thetotal population of the country of over 170 million is women. The Fed date of referencel Office of Statistics, (2006) reports that 70% of this population (about 59,500,000 women) re spatial relation and nominate in the rural areas. In the last few decades, a consciousness has been awaken globally that unless something is done to empower women as an interest group, global development will remain a mirage.Vocational Education has been recognise as an instrument for promoting environmentally sound sustainable development (FRN, 200430) as well as amethod of alleviating mendicancy. It is the basis for the full promotion and breakment of the status of women. Vocational Education empowers women by improving their living standards. It is the starting point for womens cash advance in different fields of human endeavor and a basic tool that should be given to women in order to fulfill their roles as full members of the society. Education of which vocational is an aspect, constitutes the single most important institutional boost to women empowerment.Vocational Educationespecially is an excellent tool for bringing about various(prenominal) and national development. However, a cursory look at the pattern of womens involvement in vocational education in Nigeria reveals abysmal low take aims. In contuse of all the laudable goals and objectives of vocational education, Nigerian women still suffer a lot of constraints and inhibitions which militate against their personal and national development. Vocational Education focuses on the learner who is made to imbibe or acquire knowledge, skills, values and even att itudes that enable him to solve his and societal puzzles.Educated persons who acquire knowledge and skill commode easily manipulate goods and services to create wealth for themselves and the society and thus create employment opportunities for others thereby reducing poverty. In absence of this, what is obtainable is a whole lot of women who deprivation skills, knowledge and appropriate value- orientation to survive in a knowledge-driven economy.They turn out to be societal misfits prostitutes, armed-robbers, kidnapers, cause crises and excitation in the society. This paper examines the importance of vocationaleducation as a means of empowering women in Nigeria. It investigates socio economic and political factors impeding this noble field. It presents a pillowcase for improved womens economic status with greater participation in vocational education to fight hunger, poverty and unemployment through wage or self employment in the face of insecure and corrupt society we find ourselves.VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL IN NIGERIA FRN (200429) described vocational education as those aspects of the educational summons involving, in addition to general education, the study oftechnologies and related science and the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of economy and social life. Fakes (2005) defined vocational education as that type of education that has specific relation with working life. According to Ogbuanya (2006), it is practical oriented and spans across areas the likes of agriculture and related trades, building and wood work trades, commercial and related studies, electrical, textile and related trades as well as hospitality trades.Going by the above definition, vocational and skillful education are interwoven as both are geared toward development of skills needed in the world of work, it is demonstrate in manual and practical activities which prepares one for gainful employmen t in recognized institutions and fields. Vocational education has passed through a series of trends ranging from pre- colonial era to date. Fafunwa (1991) noted that formal ( Hesperian) education started in Nigeria in 1842, however, prior to this time, traditional and Islamic education have been holding sway in Nigeria.Traditional education has somefeatures of vocational education like smiting, building, craft to mention exclusively a few. Even with the commencement of Christian missionary activities in formal western education in Nigeria, emphasis was not placed on vocational education in the formal education sector. Pure literacy as against vocational skill acquisition was the goal of education then. However, by 1863, it occurred to the missionaries that the plough and spade should go together. Hence this principle made some missionary schools to include elements of manual work like farming and bricklaying in their extra-curricular activities.Worthy of mention is that the attempt s made by some of the missionary organizations towards industrial and agricultural education failed in most cases. Today, as pressure mounts in long unemployment queues, youth restiveness, high cost of living and insecurity in the nation, there is growing need to embrace vocational education as a tool for women empowerment for real national development Goals and Objectives of Vocational Education and Training The Federal Republic of Nigeria, (2004) highlighted what the goals of vocational education should be to include?Provision of trained manpower in the applied sciences, technology and business particularly at craft, advanced craft and technical foul levels. ?Provision of technical knowledge and vocational skills necessary for agricultural, commercial and economic development. ?Giving training and imparting skills to individuals who shall be self- reliant economically. It is believed that trainees on completion of vocational education line of merchandise will have employable skil ls, set up their own business and employ others or pursue further education in advance technical programmes or otherinstitutions of higher(prenominal) skill.Vocational education plays a vital role in improving the overall wellbeing of the people by empowering individuals through skill acquisition. UNESCO (2006) affirmed that since education is the mark to any effective national development, vocational education is the master key that can alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life for all thereby achieving sustainable development through empowerment of women and youths alike.CHALLENGES OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION The importance of vocational education in both personal and nationaldevelopment cannot be over-emphasized. Such type of education is paramount towards the grooming of the citizens that would not only be innovative and productive but having acquired general education could patriotically contribute towards the development of their respective societies. In contrast, in spi te of the gain that could be sourced from vocational education, Nigeria is yet to attain the level of impressive satisfaction as far as formal vocational education is concerned. This situation could be attributed to the following factorsInadequate personnel in vocational colleges Vocational education in the formal education sector had not been yielding the expected dividends as a result of the paucity of teachers of the vocational courses recognized by the National Policy on Education. This has brought about a situation whereby the personnel readily available are made to take extra work loads which in effect is not beneficial for the development of vocational education. This get along had raped the official teacher-student ratio of 120 as provided by the Federal Republic of Nigerian in its National Policy on Education.Poor delivery andreception of the expected skills has been a resultant effect. Another problem that had been undermining the development of interest towards the study of vocational education courses by individuals is the issue of lack of industries or job opportunities where the skills thus acquired could be meaningfully utilized (Mohammed 2009). It is translucent that most of the industries in Nigeria are winding up. In view of this, studying a course that will make an individual wallow in unemployment is not in the best interest of the individual. For this reason, individuals do opt for other courses where they have brighter job opportunities.This in fact would bring about the reduction in egress of people who would be enthusiastic towards furthering their education along the line of vocational education. In addition, the proximity of the secondary schools to any university that is offering vocational education courses could be a factor towards the development of the zeal for studying vocational education courses. Lack of adequate materials Vocational education is about the development of motor skills.This cannot be achieved where materials are not adequate. In the case of Nigeria, most of the secondary schools or technical and vocationalcolleges do not have the workshops, laboratories and the materials cum equipment that would facilitate the direction and learning of vocational education courses (Mbakwem and Anyanwu, 2013). This had led to the teaching of theoretical aspects of the courses thus making the learner deficient in the actual use or practice of principles delivered to them. As a result, the products of formal vocational education schools have failed to meet with the demands of employers of labour as they lack cognate vocational training.Sector-specific corruption and the crisis of funding manifested in grossly inadequate budgetary allocations as well as generally collapsed standards in virtually all levels of Education manifested in symptoms of mass failure, cheating, fraudulent and miserable tendencies in schools. These and other numerous obstacles do exist but this work had confined its discussion withi n the scope of the above stated. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT say-so is a call to action and it involves a process of fundamental change in quality of life of any material being.It is the ability to effect changeand make meaningful choices. Empowerment is investing legally or formally with power, authorizing, licensing, enabling, permitting, giving people more control over their own lives. Sako (1999) defines empowerment as the process of strengthening the existing capacities and capabilities of disadvantaged groups in society so as to enable them perform better towards improving themselves, their families and the society as a whole. It involves the provision of enabling environment for their productive and intellectual abilities to be realized. Wiki defines empowerment as not giving people power but lettingout the power in them.It opines that most women across the globe rely on the informal work sector for an income. If they are empowered to do more and be more, the gap for economic growth accommodates apparent. Ighodalo (1990) views women empowerment as a process of enabling women to develop the capacity to actualize their potentials. Ighodalo further adds that women should be looked at as individuals that feature some hidden potentials for greatness and so should be encouraged to develop such to the fullest.The process of empowerment must necessarily also include the blowup of womens access to educational opportunities, facilities for skills acquisition and positions of authority. Empowering the woman is empowering all of humanity. This is because the woman is the pivot of the family. United Nations was apt to capture this in this years multinational day for violence against women titled From Peace in the home to Peace in the World, it is believed that empowered women can do more to contribute to field pansy in the world. Empowerment is a drive towards realization of the innate potentials found in an individual.Thus, the potentials found in the woman canbe enha nced if empowered. Women empowerment involves issues like (a) How women perceive themselves and are perceived by intimate and distant others in society. (b) How women treat themselves and are treated by others. (c) Ability to make key decisions on matters relating to themselves and their children. (d) The kind of opinion they have in other aspects of decision making in the family. It must be noted here that all these are virtually impossible without proper and adequate training especially at the higher level which includes vocational education. BENEFITS OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT.Women empowerment could be likened to leveling the playing ground for women, and this would offer huge potentials to everyone. For example, UNICEF information sheet (2007) states that educating girls and women help develop self confidence, protection from sexual exploitation, improved health care, better child education and poverty reduction for generations to come. Women empowerment is a global topic. The United Nations included gender and women empowerment in its development goals as it is an important tool for achieving the Millennium growing Goals (MDGs).In Nigeria, a goodnumber of women are now found in many prestigious occupations such as law, medicine, architecture, the armed forces and so on and they are really living up to expectations. At the same time, an equally large number, especially those living in the rural areas are engaged in menial jobs to earn a living. Most jobs performed by women, according to Egunjobi (2005) have no economic values . Explaining further, Egunjobi states that all the work and activities which do not choose financial reward are the responsibilities of women. This would explain the global call for women empowerment.There are high prospects in women empowerment. number 1 the potentials of women will increase, resulting in building a virile nation, producing better women, better home makers, better future leaders and a better society. The contributions of females in top management positions revealed that females are up to the task. Women in leadership positions, especially in developing countries, have the responsibility and the potential to influence their society through leadership, particularly when they are enabled. Enabled women are empowered to aspire, attain and performwell in leadership positions while still carrying out the home front roles. Women are enabled when they are educated, exposed and economically emancipated. Throughout the ages and in all countries, women in leadership positions have tinted positively on the society. The history of mankind is replete with such women.The last century saw the return of great women leaders in various spheres of human endeavours, notable among who are Mother Theresa of Calcutta, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia and Winnie Mandela, who relentlessly battled the apartheid regime in South Africain spite of the fact that her husband was incarcerated at the time.Here in Nig eria such women include Queen Amina of Zaria, Idia of Benin, Moremi of Ile-Ife, late Professor (Mrs) Dora Akunyili, the former Director, National Agency for Food Drugs presidential term and Control (NAFDAC) and former Honorable Minister of Information and Communication, her Re-branding initiative is still fresh in our minds, the coordinator of Nigerian economy and Minister of Finance, Dr (Mrs)Ngozi Okonjo Iweala, Prof Mrs Grace Alele.Williams the First Female Vice Chancellor in Nigeria, the Late Professor (Mrs) Jadesola Akande and even the keynote speaker of this conference, Prof. G. G. Agulanna, among others. Women from time immemorial have exhibited unparalleled ability in policy development and implementation. Education of which vocational education is an aspect remains a veritable weapon for women empowerment in all facets of life and a source of strength for national development.With vocational education, women will have greater self- fulfillment and would be able to contribut e meaningfully to the social andeconomic development of their societies. Again for economic reasons women no longer stay at home. The present economic recession has dour things round. Both male and female now hand and glove maintain the home even though the man is still regarded as the head of the family especially in the Nigerian Culture. In such instance, women with vocational skills will be able to earn additional salaries and support the husband and the standard of their living will be high and they can easily survive hard times. This will make for reductions in social vices like prostitution, theft and other corrupt actsperpetrated against and by women. In a situation where there is need for empowerment, vocational skills acquisition programmes is a sure means for women learners to gain basic education and or a vocational skill. The National Open University Centre for lifelong learning vocational skills acquisition programmes are designed to enhance the skills and knowledge o f students, women included, for immediate employment whether in the private or public sector or be self employed. As at June, 2013, enrolment figures stand at 1066, 381 of this figure are females.These run their programmes in study centres inthe cities with the exception of Awa-Ijebu, Ogori and Gulak. Women of all ages be to be integrated into the mainstream of a national economy through training. (Olakulehin and Ojo 2006) CHALLENGES TO WOMEN EMPOWERMENT The importance of vocational education in both personal and national development cannot be over-emphasized. Such type of education is paramount towards the grooming of the citizens that would not only be innovative and productive but having acquired general education could patriotically contribute towards the development of their respective societies.In contrast, in spite of the gain that could be sourced from vocational education, Nigeria is yet to attain the level of impressive satisfaction as far as formal vocational education i s concerned. This situation could be attributed to Illiteracy, according to Olakulehin & Ojo (2006), remains at the centre of women empowerment problems in Nigeria and that there is a palpable deluge of problems besetting the Nigerian women, all of them arise from illiteracy. Also, socio-cultural restraints such as limited parental resources, early marriages, pregnancy, childbearing, sexual harassment etc.negatively impact on women empowerment. In many societies, the education of women especially at the tertiary level is considered unimportant since they believe girls do not normally pay back in full measure the money invested in them. Again, religious practices of keeping women in purdah and the Shariah system (mostly in the northern part of Nigeria) draw a blank women from participation in education especially at the higher levels. In addition special protective measures aimed at protecting women and enhancing their effective participation has turned round to work against them.Fo r example International Labour Organization (ILO) formulas ban women from night work, underground work and stipulate maximum weight to be carried by women. It also provides for maternity protection and welfare facilities at the work place. Some employers have capitalized on this to discriminate against women and spend less on training them. Added to the preliminary some have suggested that women are their own worst enemies. Some women married to wealthy men sometimes have lukewarm attitudes to education. Some women are lazy, lack proper education and are not making positive efforts to improvethemselves. totally these pose formidable challenge to the empowerment of women. MEASURES TO BE ADOPTED TOWARD in effect(p) WOMEN EMPOWERMENT The hub of development of any country lies on how productive and creative its population are, for a country like ours, where women constitutes a reasonable percentage, the government, parents and men in general have obligations to ensure that women are empowered to discharge their obligations to the society and to better their life. In the light of the issues discussed above, the following recommendations are proffered.?Funding of vocational education should be taken seriously by the federal, State and Local governments. This they can achieve through increase in the budgetary allocation to educational sector which will reflect in the vocational education sub-sector. ?Vocational education should be inculcated into the schools curriculum to promote human empowerment and development through vocational skill acquisition. It is a means of reducing unemployment since it is skilled oriented and employment motivated. All school programmes should be geared toward providing vocational skills.? governing body and other stake holders in education should embark on awareness programmes through workshops and seminars to educate girls, women, parents and general society on the benefits of vocational education for women. ?The private partnership and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) should be encouraged to participate in vocational education through funding or contributions in kind. This involvement should be seen by firms as a long term investment, and as an aspect of their corporate social responsibility to the nation. ?To empower women, federal government should provide enablingenvironment and all the necessary equipment and materials for the teaching and learning of vocational skills needed for economic enhancement in Nigeria. ?The women should shun joblessness and criminality through the cultivation of vocational relish and acquisition of relevant skills that will launch them into greatness and economic independence. Conclusion Vocational Education has been viewed in this paper as a panacea to the indigenous problem of poverty, hunger, Prostitution and other corrupttendencies, paving way for women empowerment.When women are trained, they explore opportunities in their immediate environment instead of chasing shadow s and uncertainties in the urban centres. The development of Vocational Education will go a long way in creating employment, give women the opportunity to develop their enterprising skills, empowering them to be job creators and not job seekers and by providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to raise their output income and wealth thereby ameliorate the incidence of prostitution, kidnapping, and other social vicesthat are prevalent among women in South-East, Nigeria.Vocational Education would also contribute to improve the image and highlight the role of women in society. REFERENCES Egunjobi, L. (2005). Women Empowerment Perspectives and Prospects. Ado-Ekiti Fountain Newspapers and Publishing Co. Ltd. Empowerment Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/empowerment. retrieved 17/10/2014 Fafunwa, A. B (1991), History of Education in Nigeria New edition, Ibadan NPS Educational Publishers Limited. Fakes, B. B. (2005). Technical Education An Overview of the Learning Process.Capacity,building workshop for lecturers in Polytechnics and Monotechnics in Nigeria for higher competency and productivity. Education Trust Fund. Federal Office of Statistics (2006), yearly Abstract of Statistics (2006 edition) Abuja Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education fourth edition. Yaba-Lagos NERDC Press. Igbodalo, F (1990), Contributions of Women to National Development. Paper presented at the NAUW on Contribution of women to National Development. ILO (2004) International labour organizations information sheet on the convention on workers with family responsibilities. No. 156, 1981 (July 2004).Mbakwem, J. N and Anyanwu, O. G. (2014) Assessing Qualitative Teaching and Learning Environment at Upper Basic Education in Imo State, Nigeria in T. A. Bolarin and G. C. Unachukwu (Eds) Education for All Progress and Challenges. Proceedings of the 28th annual congress of The Nigeria Academy of Education (pp 225-232). Lagos Toptune Ed ucational Publishers. Mohammed, I. A. (2009), Problems and Prospects of Vocational Education in Sokoto State. Text Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of Federal College of Educaton. Gusau. Ogbuanaya, T. C. (2006). Vocational Education Training and Challenges of Human Resource Development.Nigerian Empowering the Youth through Technical and Vocational Education A catholicon for Sustainable National Development. Journal of Professional Teachers 1(2) 207-214. Olakulehin, F. K. & Ojo, O. D. (2006). Distance Education as a Women Empowerment Strategy in Africa. Turkish Online Journal of Distance education, 7, 1, 1. Sako . R. ed (1999) Women Empowerment and Advancement Manual , Kaduna League for Democratic Women (Leads) UNDP (1997) Human Development Report 1995 , New York Oxford University Press UNESCO (2006). Revitalizing Technical Vocational Education in Nigeria. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from.http//www. afrreorjo. org/pub UNICEF Information Sheet (2007) Nigeria Country Office. V iew as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS instrument Vocational education, Higher education, Millennium Development Goals, Further education, Vocational school, Apprenticeship, secondary education, Nigeria RELATED enterS Women Empowerment Womens Empowerment Source www. undp. org UNDP promotes equality between women and men through gender mainstreaming. The organizations corporate strategy on gender is designed to integrate the promotion of womens empowerment and equality fully in the organizations core business.This strategy calls for gender mainstreaming to become everyones job not the responsibility of a small number of specialists. It rests on three pillars 4121 delivery 21 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment Empowerment of any section of a society is a myth until they are conferred equality before law. The foundation of freedom, justice and fraternity is based on the recognition of the inherent dignity and of equal and inalienable rights to all the members of the society .The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted and proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948, envisaged in Article 2 that every one is entitled to all the rights and 4121 Words 17 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment Womens Empowerment Revisited From Individual to Collective Power among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh Naomi Hossain March 2012 IDS WORKING PAPER Volume 2012 No 389 2 The exiguity and Inequality research cluster, part of the Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction team at IDS, produces research on poverty, inequality and wellbeing.Our research challenges orthodox views on the spirit of poverty, how poverty is understood and how policy can best 4121 Words 59 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment The following are the aspect of women empowerment which most vital prerequisite of women achievement of individual and collective empowerment. (a) Women who increase their control over their work at home and outside the home in advantageous position for achieving empowerment. The mutual support in work setting in and outside home is playing an important role to women empowerment 4121 Words 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment. Women empowerment No nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you we are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anyplace for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, 1944 Women empowerment refers 4121 Words 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment Women Empowerment in India A mental view Women Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of Women.It involves increasing their power over decision making, social participation, economic opportunity and economic participation, political participation, access to education and health. Gender equality and womens empowerment are human rights that lie at 4121 Words 4 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Women Empowerment Empowering Rural Women in Heath, Literacy and Environment Abstract This paper addresses the conceptual and methodological issues related to womens empowerment, the trends in womens empowerment over the long time in key areas such as education, heal.

Educational Philosophy Essay

Human nature is the product of ones environment. Change the environment to alter the behavior. strengthen good behavior, punish bad behavior Conservation of cultural heritage preserves the wisdom of the achievements of homosexualkind. Behavior evolves within the conditioning influence of the institutional system, usance is the repository of a collective social intelligence. Constructivism is an educational methodology which asserts that look oners should be taught in a vogue that allows them to construct their own understandings about a subject.The goal of the teacher is not to cover material nevertheless to help the child uncover the facts and ideas in a subject area. Essentialists believe that children should learn traditional introductory subjects. (Reading, Writing, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Math, Science, Art, and Music. ) Generally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex. Schools should transmit the traditional moral value s and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. decoct is on basic skills.Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Do not accept any predetermined opinion or philosophical system and from that try to define who we are. Aim for the progressing of humanity. Use independent thinking. It engages the student in central questions of defiming life and who we are. Answers imposed from the outside whitethorn not be real answers. The only real answers are the ones that come from inside each person, that are authentically his or her own.For the existentialist, there exists no planetary form of human nature each of us has the free will to nonplus as we see fit. Stimulate learners to achieve a more lively and fuller identification with the Absolute Mind or the Macrocosm Students come into a gradually expanding mental awareness that leads to self-definition based on a wide unde rstanding or perspective of the universe. (Gutek, p21) Liberalism focuses on the individual. Ideas come from experience. Sensation and reflection create learning. Behavior Modification Conserve/preserve heritage.Constructivism Essentialism Willaim C. Bagley Arthur Bestor Existentialism Idealism Plato Liberalism hind end Locke Marxism Karl Marx Marxism promotes socialism, as opposed to capitalism where one class oppresses another. Education is use d to change society. Naturalism Rousseau The child should develop in the natural way s/he is designed, guiding the process Perennialism Perennialism Robert M. Hutchins Perennialists believe that one should teach the things of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person.Philosophy is improtant to study. Studens should learn principles, not facts, teach scientific reasoning, not facts. Teach first about humans, not machines or techniques.. Perennialism focuses first on perso nalised development. Prepared for ED828 Educational Philosophies and Change Jean Marrapodi Capella University September 2003 Construct new ideas Back to the Basics What is real? Striving for the ideal Blank tag of individual experience All for all Natural development of the child Like perennial flowers, great principles repeat Educational Philosophies.Philosophy Pragmatism Philosophers Beliefs report Thought John Dewey Scientific problem solving, experiential learning Progressivism William Kilpatrick Realism Aristotle Ideas were to be judged by their consequences when acted on truth was a warranted assertion, a tentative literary argument based on the application of hypotheses to solving problems logic, following the scientific method was experimental values were experienced within the context of ethical and aesthetic problems and issues supercharged by the unique features of particular situations. Gutek, p 77. Progressivists believe that education must be based on the fact th at humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. Teachers provide not just reading and drill, but also real-world experiences and activities that center around the real life of the students. Discovery follows the scientific method 1. Become aware of the problem. 2. Define the problem. 3. Propose hypotheses to solve it. 4. Test the consequences of the hypotheses from ones past experience. 5. Test the most likely solution.Cultivate human rationality, the humans highest power, by dint of the study of organized bodies of knowledgeencourage human beings to define themselves by framing their choices rationally, to realize themselves by exercising their authorization for excellence to the fullest, and to integrate themselves by ordering the various roles and claims of life according to a rational an hierarchical order. Gutek, p 41 Education should examine, define the problems and change the social structure of society. Rebuilding Society George S. C ounts Social Reconstructionism.Learn by Doing Rationally real Theistic Realism Thomas Aquinas Similar to realism, but God is central God in the core Totalitarianism Adolph Hitler Totalitarianism is a political system in which a citizen is totally subject to say authority in all aspects of day-to-day life. Government controls education. Total dependence on government Utopianism Robert Owen A perfect society can be achieved through the education of the young. Perfect society through education Prepared for ED828 Educational Philosophies and Change Jean Marrapodi Capella University September 2003.

Environmental Issues Associated with Paints and Varnishes Essay

The paint and coatings manufacturing industry is one of the major chemical affect industries. The major environmental impacts of paints and varnishes argon concerning their content of solvents and other chemicals. There is a need to encourage manufacturers to practice less(prenominal) of these substances, and to ensure proper environmental management throughout the manufacturing process. Procurement of paints and varnishes is classified as having a high environmental profile and slightly risk of developing world supply chains.Summary of life-time Cycle RecordRaw MaterialUse Raw materials include solvents, pigments, dyes, and other chemicals. In addition, other raw materials are used to thin oil- ground paints and stains or to clean up the residues left behind, such as turpentine and mineral spirits. Some paints intercept petroleum-based by products of the oil industryThe main uses of paints and varnishes are for architectural use (e.g. DIY), industrial use and automotive use. V OCs may be released during use.Some paints dismiss emit noxious gases such as toluene and xylene, which are known carcinogens.ManufactureWaste charge/Disposal The main components of the manufacture process are price reduction in a reactor, filtration, blending with other additives and packagingPaint related bollix up is often categorised as groundless (special waste) due to its chemical content. Waste focal point/Disposal options includeRecycling IncinerationKey Impacts and Priority palliation MeasuresThe key impacts in relation to paints and varnishes are Raw materials are often non-renewable and can be based on oil solvents Solvent release, more preciseally releases of VOCs to the atmosphere, which contribute to ground-level ozone, global warming and some stand specific health effects. (There are more VOCs in gloss than emulsion) Dyes and other chemicals used can excessively be harmful to health and the environment. Waste water supply and other solutions from washing of br ushes and other application devices might contain these pollutants. Energy is used during the processing stages.Packaging materials are likely to contain traces of product / solvent residues, which can lead to direct release to the environment through evaporation. Some paints can emit noxious gases such as toluene and xylene, which are known carcinogens. In 1989 the World Health Organisations supranational Agency for Research on Cancer found that professional painters and decorators face a 40% increase chance of contracting cancer. Paint waste at end of life is classed as a gaga (special) waste.Control Measures Raw Materials and Manufacture Implement a structured and independently verified Environmental Management System (EMS) such as ISO 14001 or EMAS. This will help the company use resources efficiently and hamper or inform pollution. Ensure systems are in place to control loss and wastage of toxic ingredients, in particular solvent management plans. Avoidance of the use of h eavy metals such as cadmium, lead, hexavalent chromium, mercury and arsenous oxide and other substances where possible. Where possible replace toxic and persistent ingredients such as oil, solvents, chemicals and other hazardous substances with less toxic and more degradable ones. Particularly focus on lower solvent alternatives where possible.Control Measures Procurement satisfy Ensure providers selected have a high awareness of the potential environmental impacts and are taking the confiscate mitigation measures. Encourage suppliers to develop environmentally safer products and in particular minimise the use of solvents and other chemicals and minimise waste during processing. Avoid oil or solvent based paints where feasible.Be aware that some water thinnable paints contain more chemicals than the oil-based paints they are intended to replace. Select suppliers that can provide more information regarding the specific raw materials they use, and also provide guidance on environm entally safe use and disposal (including packaging). To block wasteful use of paints and varnishes ensure the purchase of only the amount required for the job. Where feasible, select a supplier that will allow the return of toxic material packaging for reuse.Control Measures Use and Waste Management/Disposal Ensure employees are trained in actions to be taken in relation to waste minimisation, waste management and health and safety Ensure proper labelling and storage of toxic and hazardous materials in secure, bunded areas. Ensure user is trained in instructions for use including wearing of protective equipment such as facemasks, storage conditions (e.g. placing lids on containers when not in use) and cleaning of tools. Ensure adequate ventilation during application.Disclaimer This scroll is based on publicly available information and provides details of the environmental impacts associated with paints and varnishes. It contains a description of close commonly used raw materials and the environmental impacts and by-products released. It should be noted that there might be some other commodity types and manufacturing processes not covered within this document.

Ideology of Pakistan

Definition of ideology Science of ideas, visionary speculations, and manner of thinking, characteristic of a class or individual, ideas on the basis of any(prenominal) economic, social or political theory or body is called ideology. It contains those ideals, which a people strives to accomplish in order to bring stability to its nationhood. Defining ideology, George Lewis say, Ideology is a plan or program which is base upon philosophy Ideology of Pakistan Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Moslem ideology.Its basic principle being The solely sovereign is Allah Islam acted as a nation building quarter before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Islamics should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and assent based on the Moslem principles. They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance Islamic destination and civilization. Quaid-e-Azam sai d Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam.From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one. Two Nation Concepts The fundamental image of Ideology is that Islamics should get a separate identity. They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition. On one occasion Quaid-e-Azam said, The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their accept system of life, their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws.Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of 2 nations in the fill out Continent and resulted in the organic law of Pakistan. Elements of Ideology of Pakistan 1. Hindis and Muslims snuff it to dickens different religious philosophers, social customs, and literatures. They belong to 2 different civilizations which are based mainly on confli cting ideas and conceptions. Therefore, Muslim nation demanded a separate home overthrow where they could have the freedom to practice their religion and live their lives as free individuals of an individual country.There are five principles/elements of the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 1. Islam 2. Two Nation Theory 3. Territorial put down 4. Democratic System 5. Urdu Language 1. Islam, a Nation-Building Force Pakistan came into being on the basis of Islam. It was only Islam, which galvanized Muslims and lined them up behind Muslim League. Other factors, political and economic ones, also played rough bust in uniting Muslims to debate for Pakistan but Islam was the preponderant factor as it serves as a cementing force for Muslim monastic order and is the primary link between Muslims the world over.E genuinelything else follows Islam. The entire struggle of the Muslims of the subcontinent was to have a state where they could freely maintain their Islamic entity. No other factor was so clear and pellucid for Muslim masses. Muslims gradually developed a national consciousness in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent they collectively struggled for the right of self-government and the establishment of an unaffiliated mother country to be carved out from those territories where they constituted majorities where Islam could be accepted as the ideal pattern for the individuals life.They eventually secured what they wanted. Hence, the historical fact which could not be denied is that the formation of the Muslim nation preceded the demand for a homeland. Pakistan itself did not give birth to any nation on the contrary, the Muslim nation struggled for and brought Pakistan into being. Quaid-e-Azam said, We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles. Islamic ideology is not merely a matter of belief, dogma and ritual. It is a religion in the wider sense of the word.It is a port of life, a whole complex of social and moral norms entwined with theological metaphysics. The fundamental teachings of Islam are universally accepted. tone in God, finality of prophet-hood, human rights and social justice, management of personal matters through consensus, moral values of charitableness, permissiveness and universal brotherhood these are sonic of the cardinal principles enshrined by the Quran and Sunnah. The only force which keeps Muslim nation united is Islam which is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. 2. Two-Nation TheoryThe Two Nation Theory was the basis of struggle for creation of Pakistan. It implies that Muslims of Subcontinent were a nation quite distinct and separate from the Hindus. They in spite of living in concert for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to give the wake up call and determined to prepare Muslims to fight the advertisity with equal weapons modern education and knowledge, employed for domination. With him, his Aligarh Movement, his books and magazine Tahzibul Akhlaq, he started an awareness movement.He prepared the ground for uniting and galvanizing Muslim community of the subcontinent. His colleagues including Nawab Mohsinul Mulk and others created conditions which led to the establishment of All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906, a landmark in the history of Pakistan Movement. On frame in 22, 1940 in his presidential address to the All-India Muslim League Lahore session, the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah made it plain that, The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together, and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. This was not a matter of mere hair-splitting but an occasional fact of life, which one cannot fail to feel in almost every sphere of huma n activity. This wherefore is the crux and substance of the Two Nation Theory, which formed the basis of British Indias partition in two independent Hindu and Muslim stirs. The Hindu majority areas of India formed India and the Muslims majority regions came together under the crotchety name of Pakistan.On the same premises Quaid-e-Azam dismissed the wishes of the Hindu and the British colonialists for a joint Hindu Muslim nationhood as a pipe dream. With single-minded devotion be fought against this menace and succeeded in acquiring the idea of a separate Muslim identity recognized. In the 28th Annual Session of the Muslim League in 1941 in Madras, Quaid-e-Azam formally declared this objective as the ideology of the Muslim League. It is this very ideology which is the second important ingredient of ideology of Pakistan. . Territorial Land Amongst constitutes of ideology of Pakistan, land is the three important element. A piece of land was necessary for the existence, stabilizati on and promotion of Islamic ideology as soul requires body. Quaid-e-Azam said in his address to Punjab Muslim Students Federation in March 1941, Nothing would be achieved simply by raising slogans for nation. We are one nation and the nation cannot survive in the air, it requires an independent land to settle where it can rule and our demand is the same.However, All-India Muslim League demanded a separate homeland constituting the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a majority such as in the North-Western and easterly zones of India on March 23, 1940. With Jinnahs untiring efforts, indomitable will, and dauntless courage, he united the Indian Muslims under the pennon of the Muslim League and carved out a homeland for them within 7 years, despite absurd opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Government. 4. Democratic System In an Islamic state, all the personal matters are decided on the basis of Shariat (Democracy).In other words, the entire social, economic, political and the cultural affairs are operated on the basis of mutual consensus and Islamic democracy. The same system has also been referred in Surah Al-Imram, Muhammad (P. B. U. H) utilise to operate all the state affairs afterward discussing with his Sahabas (companions), when this questions rose that what would be the system of government in Pakistan, it should, no doubt, be Islamic. Islamic system of government is Islamic democracy or system of Shariat. innovation of Pakistan is the glorious example of ijma-e-ummat (national consensus).At the time of establishment of Pakistan, referendum was held in all the Muslim majority provinces to target their consent to the included in Pakistan. Sharai system of state, therefore, is the fifth ingredient of Pakistan. 5. Urdu Language Language is not a fundamental characteristic of a nation, but still remains one of the features by which a nation may be distinguished or one of the grounds on which nationalism may be founded. In the su b-continent, Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims and Hindi to the Hindus.During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most ordinary language of the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the apostrophize language in the northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic Script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims.The movement grew quickly and within a a few(prenominal) months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. This situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition b y the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims that Hindus were not position to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims. So Muslims also began to think about establishing a political party of their own for their survival and centralizing their efforts to have their rights.Consequently, All India Muslim League was established in December 30, 1906. The Urdu-Hindi rock completely altered Sir Syeds point of view. He had been a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity but after this event he put forward the Two-Nation Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly. Maulvi Abdul Haque aptly said, Urdu is the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan. Importance of Ideology in National LifeIdeology is a motivating force for a nation, which is striving fleshy to bring stability and homogeneity to its nation hood. It provides the bi nding force to the scattered groups in a society and brings them close to each other on a common platform. Ideologies impel their adherence to follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their goal. Ideologies give shape to the revolutions and create new cultures and civilizations. They stress on their adherents to insist on the realization of their ideal through total transformation of society.Conclusion The fundamental concept of the ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are separate nation having their own culture, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation. They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves. Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin Qasim and others and followed by political leaders like Quaid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947.