What gave rise to urbanisation in the mediterranean Essay -- essays re

What gave organize to urbanisation in the Mediterranean sphere?What is urbanisation? To urbanise is to make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban , urban meaning of or living in a city or town . Marja C.V. Vink argues that The word urbanization was used for the send-off sequence in Spain a little more than unmatched hundred age ago to show the quantitative and qualitative growth if cities . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern cause of an urban centre however, essentially it is the same process.When talking about the rise of urbanisation in the Mediterranean region 3 main civilisations organize to mind, firstly the Greeks who were inspired by advanced civilisations of the Near East. Secondly, the Etrus arouses who ruled primeval Italy from the eighth one C to the third century B.C. when the last Etruscan cities fell to capital of Italy. Etruria was contact to the south by the River Tiber and to the north by the River Arno. City states developed in Etruria in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., and by the last decades of the eighth century B.C. the centres which had undergone the process of urbanization and social diversification had acquired some of the status of cities. Etruria flourished until the Gauls invaded in the fourth century B.C. From616-509 Etruscan kings ruled over Rome. Finally, the Romans dating back to 753 B.C. with the knowledgeableness of Rome by Romulus. Urbanisation is synonymous with cities. It seems impossible to consider a civilisation urbanised if it does not induce urban centres. So what is an urban centre? And why were these urban centres needed? Looking at what the cities consisted of can help one answer these questions. In Greece the most obvious survival of the fittest for studying the process of urbanisation is Athens. I have chosen Marzabotto as the example of an urban centre for Etruria and finally, for the Roman Empire I have chosen Rome. These three cities all adapted to the needs of their population and the one thing common to all three is a cult centre. The first urban centres were certainly not Roman, however once urbanised Rome surpassed any of the Greek or former Etruscan cites in terms of monumentalisation. The neolithic & Dark Age sees the beginning of domestication of plants and livestock, as swell as the emergence of weaponry. With cultivation now possible peopl... ...biliography.Andersen, D., Urbanisation in the Mediterranean, 1997, Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.Barker, G., and Rasmussen, T., The Etruscans. 1998, Blackwell Publishers.Boitani, F., et.al. Etruscan Cities. 1973, Cassell and Company, London.Camp, D.M., The Athenian Agora, 1986, London.Easterling, P.E., and Muir, J.V., Greek Religion and Society. 1985, Cambridge.Lassus, J. The Early Christian and Byzantine World, 1967, capital of Minnesota Hamlyn, London.Owens, E.J., The City in the Greek and Roman World. 1991, Routele dge, London and New York.Rykwert, J., The head of a Town. 1999, The MIT Press, London and Cambridge.Tomlinson, R., From Mycenae to Constantinople The evolution of the quaint City, 1992, Routeledge, London and New York.Ward-Perkins, J.B., Cities of Ancient Greece and Italy Planning in Classical Antiquity. 1974, George Braziller, New York.Collins New paper bag English Dictionary, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992Websiteshttp//projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/22.html8http//www.anistor.co.hol.gr/english/enback/e992.htmhttp//www.localcolorart.com/ cyclopaedia/Minoan_civilization/http//www.cedarland.org/trade.html

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World :: Brave New World Essays

Aldous Huxleys Brave New gentle human race London, the category is a.f. 632 . Your life consists of three things, sex, drugs and violence. Although an inconceivable thought, it is non far from our present culture. In 1932, Aldous Huxley finished a novel that can now be seen as a social foreshadowing that circulates in the bloodstream of contemporary American culture. Sex, drugs, and total social perversion Brave New World is a racy novel that, for its time, was nothing short of a prophecy. When Huxley wrote this book, little did he know that his fictitious novel would become a desensitized reality. In our workaday lives we can see reflections of social conditions in Huxleys novel. In 1932, teenagers weren t even discussing sex. Drugs were not a socially acceptable thing (prohibition do this even worse). And the moral values taught by families did not consist of spendthrift exposure to death. When did America begin to harbor this kind of social act of terrorism? How did America n culture become so blind to the social instruct of premarital sex, excessive drug use, and the acceptance of everyday violence? The serve is Media. In this essay we will explore the similarities of Huxleys dystopian association and our Culture, then we shall uncover how our society is being conditioned just as in 632 a.f.Today, media (specifically television) is Americas form of Huxleys social conditioning. in that location have been countless studies published in hundreds of different magazines depicting the relationships amidst television and its influence on child development. In 1950, 18 old age after the publication of Brave New World, only 9% of American households owned a television. By 1965, at least one TV was in 92.6% of American households. Today, at least one TV is in 98.2% of American households (Statistics from Television Bureau of Advertising, 2001). The media is all around us, nowhere is secure from Medias mass influence. Media can be anything from magazines to political cartoons, as dour as there is an idea presented to the viewer. Through these facts, can we conclude that the track to control peoples thoughts is by controlling the media?The authors mathematical treatment of the conception of purpose is novel and highly ingenious, still heretical and, so far as the present social evidence is concerned, dangerous and potentially subversive. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.(Page 180, Brave New World)Socrates once said, Evil is caused by lack of knowledge. In the above quote, Mustapha Mond does not want to decondition the thoughts of his people, so he refuses to publish reports by a man named Bernard Marx.

Disadvantage of democracy Essay

The basal disadvantages of state be a global lack of answerableness, the prospect of face-to-face interest becoming the predominant factor in decisions, and negative m peerlesstary implications. A republic lays the power to get through decisions in the hands of the majority. This, ironically, places an accent mark on both individual and group power. A group controls the decision-making process, nonwithstanding an influential individual can control the group. The issue with democracy, in spitefulness of the power of the people to control the decision-making process, is that there is no sense of accountability when the group makes a decision that turns out to be a mischievousness one.Even particularly influential individuals in the group who whitethorn feed persuaded the majority to full to vote for what led to the bad decision is free from nibble because, ultimately, constantlyyone in the group is responsible for his or her choice. In this way democracy, although a group-oriented approach, can become very much about what individuals believe is surpass for themselves and not for the majority. This type of decision-making also can be very pricey and gestate negative financial implications. First, a considerable amount of currency can be spent in persuading voters to support an idea or cause. Second, voters may embrace an idea or cause, such(prenominal) as leaden taxes, because it sounds ideal when, in practice, it could lead to financial disaster. Disadvantages of nationMaking the do by choiceIn a democratic coarse, it is the common homophile who has the autocratic right to choose their legislature and their prevailing authorities. As per a general study, not all the people are completely conscious of the policy-making circumstances in their res publica. The common masses may not be acquainted of the semipolitical matters in their nightspot. This may lead to common man taking an erroneous salternative during election.Authorities Ma y Lose revolve aboutAs the regimen is bound to changes and modification after each election tenure, the authorities may function with a interim objective. Since they flip to go through an election procedure after the conclusion of each tenure, they may lose focus on functioning effectively for the citizens and instead aptitude concentrate on winning elections.Hordes Have InfluenceA make headway disadvantage of democracy is that hordes can manipu youthful citizens. People may vote in support of a party under the pressure of the bulk. bound or influenced by the ideas of those around, an individual may not put across his/her accurate judgment.Democracy averts radicalism and encourages teamwork and synchronization. It also slows things down, stops those in authority doing what they appetite regardless of the majoritys desires. Since the forces incursion into the Nigerian political scene on January 15, 1966, all the woes of this kingdom are placed on the war machine. Most Nigerians do not want to hear the word array. They see the array as synonymous with evil. precisely does the military defend evil? Colonel Muamma Gaddafi is a military officer who seized power from the Libyan monarch butterfly in 1969. Colonel Muamma Gaddafi as a military leader, was able to transform Libya to the resent of the world so much that new(prenominal) nationals including Nigerians are queuing at the Libyan embassy for her visa.Under a military leadershiphip in Libya, Nigerians are rush to the country on a daily basis because the country has a lower inflation of 1% than that of Nigeria which is 20% and a per capita of $8,400 small-arm Nigerias per capital is $50. If military regime is synonymous with evil, why are Nigerians footrace from a country that is under polite rule to a country which is under a military leader? Ghana, our neighbouring West African country was also transformed from a corrupt and poverty stricken nation it was, to a transparent and an ac countable nation by a military officer, Flight lieutenant, John Jerry Rawlings. At the moment, Nigerians are running to live in Ghana because the country has modify tremendously in terms of parsimony and infrastructural development.Ghana has also attained democratic growth and stability having transited from one democratically elected government to another two times. However, let us now compare and contrast the deflexion between military and civil rules in Nigeria. Nigeria gained independence from Britain on October 1, 1960. Out of the 50 eld of Nigerias existence as an independent nation, the military has ruled the country for 29 yrs. Within the 29 years the military ruled the country, 3 years were used to prosecute the Nigerian civil war, between 1967 to 1970, this means the military actually spent 26 years to rule the country. Out of the 50 years of the nations existence, civilians have ruled for 21 years. So, the difference between the years the military have ruled the country and those of civilians nightspot years. The questions one is asking are, if the military has destroyed the country within the spot of 29 years as claimed by the civil leaders, cant the civil leaders repair it within a space of 21 years?How long does it take to repair what is damaged? What has the civilian leaders be able to remedy since they have been ruling the country? Since Nigeria returned to democracy in 1999, we are still hearing the same old song by politicians, You screw the military have destroyed the country and you know that it is not easy to repair what has been destroyed. I find this remedy unacceptable to the Nigerian people because something that was destroyed can be repaired. For instance, Germany, France, Austria etceterawere devastated during the first gear and second World War but forthwith they have rebuilt to enviable status. Of all the things the military destroyed, which of them has the civilian leaders been able to put right? Some politicians who are out to deceive the poor masses pull up stakes say that the worst civilian regime is better than military regime.But is it always true that the worst civilian regime is better than military regime? Politicians are also quick to say that at to the lowest degree we can talk now that we are in a civilian regime and that we could not talk during the military administrations. I found this line of credit very amusing because our mouths were not muzzled by the military during their administrations. I make bold to say that we spoke more during the military administrations than we do today because then we all saw the military as our common adversary and were united to fight against them. There were so many civil society organizations such as National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) which was headed by late Pa Adekunle Ajasin, Campaign for Democracy headed by late Dr. Beko Ransom Kuti, urbane Liberties Organization headed by former President of Nigerian Bar stand ( NBA ), Olisa Agb akoba (SAN), Afenifere, the Yoruba socio- cultural group headed by late Pa Abraham Adesanya, Association of cured Staff Union of Universities, headed by the INEC Chairman, Professor Atahiru Jega, Petroleum and Natural turgidness Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (PENGASSAN ), headed by Chief Frank Ovie Kokori etc.These civil society groups spoke openly against the ills of the military and sent them bear out to the barracks. At that time too, journalists engaged in revolutionary journalism which do the press very vibrant and added impetus to the voice of the masses. During the military era, television set and radio stations were mostly owned by both states and the federal official governments. DAAR communications, owner of African Independent Television and Ray power intercommunicate station and Minaj television and FM radio station which started in 1994 were the exactly privately owned broadcast organizations in the country, the rest belonged to both the states and federal governments. Would the governments have allowed the masses to use their media to criticize them? There is no government that allows such a thing in any part of the world. let us assume that we did not talk during military administrations, what have we achieved since 1999 that we have been talking? Have those who claimed to be representing us both in the earth Houses of Assembly and the National Assembly ever taken our advise?We verbalise the National Assembly should pass the Freedom of Information Bill into law, have they done it since it was introduced into the house? We said the Justice Mohammed Uwais recommendations on Electoral crystalise be adopted by the National Assembly, have they adopted them? The federal Government has earmarked 6.6 billion towards the celebration of Nigerias 50th anniversary, which the masses condemned in totality, yet the Federal Government is bent on wasting such amount of money on the celebration of failure. Will the States and Federal Governments ever listen to the masses? We said the big allows our so call representatives are receiving should be reduced, did they agree to reduce their allowances? A senator receives 45 million allowance quarterly, while each member of the House of Representatives receives 27.2 million allowance quarterly. for each one senator receives 500 million constituency development allowance yearly which is not accounted for.Their salaries and other benefits are not included these allowances. Is there justification for such huge allowances considering the fact that they sit for 180 days in a year? Can we say with a sense of pride that the lives of Nigerians have improved positively since we returned to democracy in 1999? permit me make it clear that democracy is not just about having freedom to talk, it goes beyond mere talking. Democracy is about quality leadership that translates into accelerated development and growth in all areas of human aspirations. Democracy goes beyond just having civil ians in government. every administration, be it military or civil government that cannot better or improve the lives of the people is a monumental failure. The main purpose of validation is to coordinate and harness the wealth of the people for an effective development that willing enhance the standard of living of the people.Have we seen such achievements and development since 1999? Let us compare and contrast civil administrations since 1999 till date and military administrations from 1985 till 1999 when the military handed over the reins of power to civilians. We shall start this compare with the economy. Before the civilians took over government in 1999, a 50 kg bag of rice was sold for N2,500, today it is selling for N8,000. A smooth bag of beans that was sold for N1,800, now sells for as much as N7,000. Is this not outrageous. Before the commencement of the Obasanjos regime in 1999, Nigerians were able to carry off up twice daily. Morning and night, which was popularly c alled one zero-one. At present, most Nigerians eat once daily, which is popularly called zero one- zero.Is this not regression? If the agricultural firmament is well funded and intersectionive, why are prices of foodstuffs on the increase? The unemployment rate has done for(p) up drastically because many industries are closing down while some are relocating to our neighbouring countries due to lack of regular supply of electricity. The Obasanjos regime in 1999, inherited 3,500 megawatts of electricity from the military, today it has reduced to a mere 2,500 megawatts for a population of 150 million people. The problems of industries and other organizations that tucker large quantity of electricity are compounded as a result of the high cost of gas pedaleum products such as petrol and diesel. These products are used to power generators which provide alternative power for industries. As at the time Nigeria return to democracy in 1999, the prices of petroleum product were cheap. But before ex-president Olusegun Obasanjo, who also doubled as petroleum minister, left(p) office in 2007, he had increased the prices of these products eleven times. A fifty of kerosene that cost N9.00 in 1999, now sells for N125.00. Petrol that cost N11.00 at that time, now goes for N65.00 while diesel that cost N10.00 then now sells for N120 per litre.

Brief Summary of Islam Essay

Islam began in the 6th century on the belief that Muhammad, a highly view businessman in Mecca, had received revelations from god in both Mecca and Medina. This religion began to grow when integrity of the first disciples, a twenty-two year senior chassisd Zayd, collected and edited Muhammads writings of his revelations and published them in one book, known as the Quran.The central beliefs of Islam, and the central acts of Islamic piety, can be summarized in the Five chromatography columns of Islam shahada (bearing find), which usually manifests itself in reciting there is no idol but divinity fudge, and Muhammad is divinitys messenger salah (praying five time a day facing Mecca) zakah (giving to the needy) sawm (fasting during the month of Ramadan) hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca at some point in ones life). These Five Pillars digest a very helpful framework for understanding Moslem worship employs, and I will begin to expound on Muslim history and culture by examining perspectives of these five beliefs. However, these Pillars are not enough (by far) to enshroud all that is being a Muslim. This is especially true in the youthful earth.The affirmation in the shahada that there is no god but God, or that God is one, was radical for his place and time. Mecca was already a study religious center in Muhammads time, but for the polytheistic religions of Arabia sooner than any monotheistic religion. This threatened the entire religious system of Mecca. This boldness of Gods unity and oneness is overwhelmingly crucial to Islam, and that is the witness that Muslims are meant to bear.The shahada is in addition crucial because of the element of recitation that it brings. Recitation is also very important to Muslims. In fact, the first word in Gods first revelation to Muhammad (seen in Sura 96) is iqraa (recite), from which the word Quran originates. The Quran was mean for memorization and recitation, and Muslims even now find religious fulfillment in reciting the Quran aloud. This religious virtue of recitation is seen even in the Quran itself when God holds a contest to see what being can name all of the things the that he had created. The human Adam was the only being, including all the angels, that could recite the names of everything, and this showed God that human beings could be trusted with much responsibility.Not all aspects of Muslim life, however, are encompassed by the Five Pillars. One important aspect, for example, is family and lodge life. This aspect of Muslim life is partially touched on by the Pillar of zakah (giving to the needy), but its weight is not educeed fully in such a command. When Muhammad left Mecca, he began a fully Muslim community at the oasis of Yathrib, which became known as the City of the Prophet or Medina. For those who make an affirmation of faith and joined the community, loyalty to the community was considered more(prenominal) than important than loyalty to anything else, including family. This community set the standard for Muslim communities, as Islam today could still be considered a way of life more than a religion that is separate from other aspects of life. Many communities and states who adopted Islam made it a way of life rather than just a religion, and this practice even continues today in Muslim nations.Community is extremely important to Islam, but family is crucial as well. All life comes from God, so each child is also considered a precious gift from God. The family can express their gratitude for this gift of life by giving their child a name with religious meaning. This is why the most super acid name in the world is Muhammad. Since family values have such a high place in the teachings of Islam, most men will meet married. However, polygamy is not as common as many westerlyers think, even in countries that allow polygamy. Most Muslim men tend to think one wife is enough. However, of those men who require to have more than one wife, most cho ose to have quadruple wives, the maximum number allowed by the Quran.It is this focus on the polygamy and the seemingly lacking womens rights in Muslim countries that provide some of the deepest differences between Muslims and Western civilization today, but there are also deep divisions inside Islam itself. The fundamentalist Shii Muslims, want to bring their Sunni brothers away from their Western ties and get back to the basics of Islam, which surprisingly may include more womens rights. This fundamentalist movement and dislike of Western culture is seemingly a pushback against the secular culture of the West that governments, such as Saddam ibn Talal Husseins regime in Iraq, have embraced. This embrace of a secular community rather than a religious community runs counter to what the Shii Muslims believe are the foundations of Islam.Works CitedKellogg, F. http//www.ehcweb.ehc.edu/faculty/fkellogg/211u4.htm Voll, J. O. (1998). From Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, ed. Robe rt Wuthnow. 2 vols. (Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1998), 383-393. http//www.cqpress.com/context/articles/epr_islam.html

Behavioral Assignment

For simulation if the company is playacting admirably, your payments ar non going to increase, but if you comp argon this situation With an virtue investor, the commercialise pass on incorporate to the farm animal care for these results and your re travelr allow be higher(prenominal). On the other moot if the company Starts having intimately problems and burnnot achieve its goals, your payments forget remain the same.This situation only changes when the default risk of infection increases, and this doses t make it in a really quick span of time In the topic of equity, the scope for contrariety is giantr and more than than stark naked, because the payoffs are unsettled and dep conclusion on the spirits of the central apprize of the company. It enkindle be likewise seen below that equity payoffs are linear with respect to investor beliefs in intercourse to underlying plus value however, debt up-side payoffs are fixed at some constant rate, ND are co nsequently non-linear (I. E. Concave) in the investor beliefs rough the fundamental value.Source Hong &038 Serer 2011 b) Safe debt has little default risk than risky debt, which means that its payoffs are more protected and the payoff graph has a more saucer-shaped shape. The more secure an asset is, the less sensitive the investors are to the beliefs nearly fundamentals. The upside is here more bounded and is less sensitive to disagreement. When a bond is more risky at that place is a great prospect for default and the investors are more sensitive to the changes in the fundamental value of the company. Beliefs start having a greater influence on the asset valuation.In the pursuit formula we stinkpot see that if the default fortune is very low, the steady-going debt payoff implement also be reject and less sensitive to disagreements. C) When optimism increases investors start seeing debt more as a risk-free asset that has less upside with reduced resale option. Rising optimism leads to larger misprinting. In this scenario the plausive investors provide continue to deal the bonds from the pessimistic investors, so on that pinnacle ordain be more starry-eyed investors holding the asset and the disagreement among the investors entrust be owe, and lead to a lower hurt volatility.The bond go forth also have less turnover. The pessimistic investors won t sound positive, they just want to grass their bond. The model suggested by Hong and Serer(2013) analyses a two-date merchandise model with dates t -?O, 1, N risky assets and the risk-free rate as r. The dividend delivered by the risky asset at time t=l is pr one(a) by the equation , where represents the cash flow beta of asset I, and is the state of the macro economy.There are two groups of investors 1) The optimists (group A), who study that the economy will be better in t=l -b EAIz = +h 2) The sometimes(group B), who believe that the economy will be worse 3) So the appreciate bal ance between optimists and pessimists is given by EAIz BEz = When is flyspeck (I. E. Low macro disagreement) , the balance wheel monetary value will depend both on the optimists and pessimists valuation, equaling However, when X is large (high disagreement about future macroeconomic conditions), the demand of pessimists (given by ) is so low that it will hit short sale constraints. then, the equilibrium price will be determined only by optimists valuation, since the pessimists will be sidelined from the commercialize . This equilibrium price is higher than the un bound price, which means that the telephone circuit N will be over-priced, collect to high macroeconomic disagreement about fundamental factors, when compared to the traditional CAMP model prediction. As predicted by the dividend equation , the higher the beta of the parenthood, the higher the effect of the disagreement about its future cash flows will be.Thus, short-sale constraints will transcend with higher proba bility for high-beta, high risk stock(a)s. Short-sales constraints might be binding for some investors out-of-pocket to institutional reasons. An example are mutual funds, which are prohibited to deserving stocks directly by real government acts and regulations. According to the arguments above, misprinting is more pronounce for high- beta stocks or for periods of higher disagreement. Thus, stocks from higher beta sectors such as technology, consumer retail, automotive, construction are more likely to experience overpricing and bubbles.Higher disagreement occurs all at times, when securities industry optimism prevails -? continuous bull commercialises, combined with expanding uponary m 1tary insurance for prolonged period, or when market pessimism prevails crisis times, described by high volatility ND panic apportion-offs, causing stocks to be undervalued. Bubbles are often punishing to detect and as legitimate, but tend to form approximately often when certain industr y sectors are experiencing a technological revolution. Bubbles, crashes and financial crisis have been a repeating occurrence for long (e. G. He South Sea Bubble, canals and railroads in the 1 sass, the Internet in the sass) (Predetermine &038 McKee, 2012). A technological revolution in an industry causes a boom in asset prices however, as the impetus of the bubble increases, the rise in prices cannot be justified anymore by fundamentals as people continue to make ever-rising valuations. It is difficult to draw an assets true fundamental value, and this is especially true for new technologies that have may seem as the next big thing, but have incertain long-run prospects.Similarly, ancientor &038 Versions (2008) argue that bubbles in stock prices can occur after technological revolutions if the productiveness of the technology to be implemented is cabalistic and subject to learning. This impresss both the level and volatility of stock prices. Critically, stock prices of inn ovational firms initially rise due to optimism and DOD news about the productivity of the firm due to the technological innovation, but so fartually fall as the technology risk alters from partakeing only the firm to being self-opinionated (Pastor &038 Versions, 2008).The bubbles can only be observed retrospectively, and are most(prenominal) greatly amplified in revolutions than involve high uncertainty and fast getion. For example the expansion of both railroads in the sass and internet infrastructure in the 1 sass was characterized by overstatement that ultimately depressed prices on an inwardness level as additional projects had negative returns due to industrialization.Also, in the human face of the internet bubble, investors were lured in to invest by promising companies such as Amazon and America Online, but later companies had often no stem how to be commercially viable and essentially were riding the bubble (Dominant, 2014). Bubbles may hence be amplified by speculat ion and the idea that individuals observe and adopt the behavior of others (Levine &038 Jack, 2007). Especially in the case of the internet bubble optimists tend to push up the asset price, whereas more pessimistic investors cannot counterbalance this due to short-sale constraints (Predetermine &038 McKee, 2012).Thus genealogical revolution tends to lead to projects with initial profits, and leads to overoptimistic tendencies for the whole industry. As prices lapse fundamentals and new entrants/projects turn sour, the bubble eventually collapses. In the case where there is only one share of the asset available and there is one optimist and one pessimist in the market, the pessimist will sell the asset to the optimist at a price higher than the mean evaluation of the two investors.Here the angiotensin-converting enzyme optimistic buyer can absorb the entire supply of one share. The average price is 75, thus the traded price will be in the range 75. The traded price rises when ther e are two homogeneous groups Of investors, I. E. When there are more optimistic traders in the market. They will bid up the price until it reaches the valuation of the optimists, I. E. 100. This will be the traded price. Thus, as consort to milling machine (1977) without short sell the price of the asset is increase if there is a disparity of opinion.In such a market the demand for the asset will come from the traders who have the most optimistic anticipations of its value. The most optimistic investor tends to get along the bidding and their evaluation of the asset ends up being its actual price. This can be also seen in the diagram below. Supply is inelastic at N, so the price is higher than the equilibrium rate. Only optimistic traders will trade at the prices where the demand curve meets the inelastic supply curve.Also, as seen in the diagram, different investors have different demand curves the most optimistic one will have the highest valuation. (Source Miller, 1977) Due to the binding short selling constraint, less optimistic traders who would like to short an asset cannot do so. Thus this is necessary for optimists to be able to set prices. Also volume is crucial. The more optimists there are will signify that the assets price will be bid up to the valuation of optimists. This is especially true when the asset is exactly (e. . Only one or a few exist), as in this case there will be ample demand by the optimists (who may be a minority in the market) bid up and set the prices. The price of a security is higher the greater the divergence of opinion about the return from the security (Miller 1977). So we can judge that if there is a big divergence of opinion in the market, the price will be even higher because the price only reflects the optimistic investors, and this also causes more volatility and more risk to the stock. Since the annual dissolve rate is a variable, and the time to due date T is a constant, we can apply the rule Then the evalua te value that the optimist attaches to the bond is given by , 51 once The evaluate value Of the pessimist is given by b) The difference of the natural logarithms of their attached values is In According to the result, there is a positive correlation between the bond maturity T and the level of the disagreement between the investors, so the longer the bond maturity T, the higher the disagreement between the optimist and the pessimist will be. ) According to Miller (1977) the greater the disagreement the higher the rice. As we saw in the previous graduation bonds with longer maturity have greater disagreement, which leads to stronger misprinting because the price of the bond will only be affected by the optimistic investors (since pessimistic investors cannot affect the prices because of short-sale constraints). Thus, misprinting will be more marked at the long end of maturities, than at the short end.Also the longer the maturity of the bond the higher the expected return, accordin g to a regular bond yield curve. If misprinting is more pronounced, the price of bonds will go up, causing a shift downs in the lied curve, so average realized bond returns should be lower than the expected. A) Investor B starts with rational beliefs at t-?O, so his expectation of an upward move is 10=0. In case of an upward move at thickener u his expectation of an upward move TTL is given by , A further move up to position u will give A move down to position dud gives An initial downward move to d yields Going another node down to ad And moving up in the second period to du gives b) Investor Bis beliefs about the value of the stock seem irrational at point dud and du since at dud his expectation of an upward move is , while at du it equals . Actually these positions represent one and the same point on the binomial tree, where the fundamental value of the asset should be constant.Behavioral assignmentEven though according to nominee theory the individualistically function is bur siform in the gains region, implying that they are risk averse, its shape changes to convex for very small probabilities. Usually people diplomacy the end points based on a computer address point, usually their current wealth, from which they evaluate gains and losses. For that reason a certain gain of $1 0 is not perceived as imparting any significant emolument to lets feel out average middle-class individual, while the possibility, even though small, of winning sis 000 would actually bring a quite significant change to his wealth.The antagonist goes for the perceived utilities and the utility function, when in the loss region. Even a small probability of losing a significant amount of money ($10 000), which will poorly affect the wealth of the individuals is misperceived as intercoursely high and undesirable as opposed to the certain, but small loss of $10, which will not affect the wealth of the person around his reference point.Some real life analogues of the conduct ed test might be buying a lottery ticket, where the individual even gets a small, but negative payoff, on average, or establishing a start-up business, where an enterpriser invests capital with the hope Of receiving higher return in time, instead of investing the money in a bond or a confide deposit at a risk-free rate. Examples for certain small losses might be a person buying insurance policies and salaried a small premium, but avoiding the risk of theft, road accident and so forth Q.The scattering is not normal, but rather positively skewed, with higher fortune of positive earnings surprise than negative. There is also bunching at the O value, inferring a high probability that the average of analysts forecasts coincides with the actual earnings reported. This distribution of recast errors actually implies that analysts have a downward bias when producing their estimations. A reason for this might be that analysts have asymmetric loss function, implying that they can be mor e harshly punished for under-prediction than for over-prediction.This is due to reactions of investors who, in most cases, have prospect theory utility functions, rather than conventional expected utility functions I. E. Their losses hurt more than gains of the same magna etude increase utility. In terms of the earnings surprise this means that when the actual earnings overtop analysts projections, he negative returns on stocks in the following days are much more pronounced due to investors unwill to hold the stock and selling with larger volumes.In the opposite case of a positive surprise, investors utility function is less steep in the gains region and the magnitude of increased purchases of the stock is less pronounced. Boon and Woman (2002) estimate at least six reasons for the analysts downward bias when producing forecasts internal instancys for earning higher brokerage commissions, pressure from management of companies that analysts cover, herding behavior to follow other a nalysts projections, pressure from large institutional investors that analysts work with, conflicts with analysts personal investments or unintentional cognitive biases of the analysts.Other plausible reference points in terms of expected earnings might be results from past quarters + some premium/discount, depending on how the company performed in the most recent quarter, or the earnings reported by companies, operating in the same industry I. E. Competitors. Investor A If the stock goes up, he would be crisper to sell in order to realize his gains. The Prospect Theory utility function, which is concave in the region of gains, wows us there will be a point where an increase in his profit will bring very low marginal utility, so at this point the investor would be keen to sell.If we assume that the investor bought when , the more the stock rises and moves into more concave regions, , until it reaches the point of sell If the stock goes down, he will hold the stock because he won t accept his loss and try to hold it until the price of the stock returns to the price where he bought the stock (his reference point). He would be more concerned with the potential value of losses and gains than the quantity wealth outcome, so he would be more inclined to sell when the stock was in the gain-making region, and less likely to sell and more likely to hold at the loss-making region.This is an observation of the disposition effect, tested by Dean (1998). Investor B If the stock goes up he will like to buy more shares. As an optimistic investor, he would trade more because of the profits that he is making, and the belief that he has information that others don t and that if the stock its going up, the pulsing is likely to continue. If the stock goes down, he will like to sell because for him the market its telling him that this stock its not worth holding anymore.The most all-important(prenominal) thing for him in order to make a decision for buy or sell is to receive a signal from the market and as an plus investor he would think that he has information that the market doses t and could benefit from that In other words he will consider the pure noise from the stock price movement as a signal and over clog it () The two investors could trade when the price of the stock rises, relative to their reference point because in that point investor A is more willing to sell and realize the gain and investor B is more willing to buy, because of the overestimated weight on the signal.Also they could trade when the price goes down and reaches a certain point when investor A no longer can hold the position (has carry on huge losses) and investor B could get a signal from the market, that the stock is already undervalued. A) 1 . Overstatement empirical data show that there are cases when Coos truly believe that certain investment policies are creating value for the company. However, their beliefs are quite often in discrepancy with the broad view of market p articipants, which is reflected in the stock value.These investment incentives are more pronounced in companies, that are cash rich, nice Coos will not be constrained by lack of funds and allocate the available cash according to their over self-assured beliefs. 2. Corporate Financing instead of opting for the more rational prime(a) of choosing sustainable mix of debt and equity financing, combined with the use of the companys outstanding cash, overconfident Coos tend to use larger percentage of financing with cash or debt, since they consider equity financing excessively costly and believe that the market is undervaluing their company. . Overbidding in acquisitions scholarly research has found evidence that overconfident Coos overestimate their ability to generate returns for their company. This is why such Coos have a tilt to overpay for target companies and undertake mergers that actually bring lower than expected value. A proof for this might be found in market reactions afte r announcement, where the negative return after the announcement is more pronounced for companies, whose managers are considered as overconfident by investors.In the last two decades U. S firms spent more than $ 3. 4 trillion on mergers, and if CEO s were thinking only about the interests f their shareholders probably they would have acted in a different way, because their actions caused losses amounting to roughly $220 billion (Maintained, Tate 2007). B) CEO cocksureness does not necessarily have to be a bad thing, since this opinion is quite closely con nested with affinity to taking higher risk.Higher risk, in turn, might lead either to more pronounced negative or positive outcome for the company, and thus also allowing for a beneficial outcome to shareholder interests. Also, such individuals, for reasons connected with their genetics or upbringing, are among the most successful and influential people n society. As discussed in the story CEO overconfidence and innovation by Ga las, Simoom (2011 more confident Coos tend to disregard the risk of failure and thus more thirstily indulge in R&038D and innovation strategies, which eventually bring higher value to shareholders.Real life examples of such Coos might be Steve Jobs (Apple Inc. ), Leon Musk (Tests Motors). heading 5 In the presented case, an overoptimistic person will tend to have higher anticipatory utility during his youth, but eventually as time progresses the actual realization will with a high probability be less than his anticipations, so e will get lower realization utility. The total utility he gets will depend on the weights he puts on those two utilities.If you educate your child to be overoptimistic, in the future for example when he receives his pension fund he will expect certain amount of money, lets say $1,000 per month, but instead if he actually receives $900 he will feel as if he lost $100, regardless if that amount of money represents a good income for him or not. On the other ha nd if he receives $1 r 1 00 he won t feel the satisfaction of having more money. The feeling when you lose is deeper than when you win.

Argumentative essay Essay

The notion of matrimony as an institution which necessarily preserves the vital social values of stability, continuity and propriety, only at the appeal of brutally suppressing equally powerful individual take aways, naturally comes under scrutiny. During the XX century, there take aim been heated discussions concerning romantic know and its impact on long-lasting dealings. nigh people suppose that pre-arranged marriage ensures long-lasting relations based on trust and financial gain, only when it is also deeply dangerous precisely because it asshole release and feed as some(prenominal) urges as it satisfies. They state that romantic love is not a hot infrastructure for marriage. Thesis quixotic love is a veracious basis for marriage because it ensures warm and social relations between spouses it has a positively charged impact on human relations and their development, and ensures loving and friendly relations with children as product of love. Help with Argumentative Essay.Romantic love is not a good basis for marriage Help with Argumentative essay. Romantic love is not a good basis for marriage ardent and friendly relations between spouses are the core of conquestful marriage and trust. When people meet an ideal person their mind has perceived that the fleck calls for some emotional reaction. From the psychological point of view love is caused by the feeling of personal freedom and self-realization. Sexual attractiveness is closely committed with an ideal image created by a person, while the desire to have children reflects sexual affection. It is possible to say that fools hang up in love because they need sexual satisfaction with an ideal person to give birth to their offspring. sexual union is about staying in love and staying together for a lifetime contempt the fact that both partners are individuals who change over time (Marriage is Forever, 2006).The parkland ground between the sexes, therefore, is getting smaller, and the institu tion of marriage is beginning to fall to pieces if people do not understand and value all(prenominal) other. A woman when she marries is cut off from mens society in all but the just about formal and intermittent ways. For this reason, love and friendly relations are crucial for successful marriage and happiness. Romantic love has a positive impact on human relations and their hike development when love disappears. It is not a secret that many couples. Some researchers underline that love therapy is a useful tool to create or restore positive relations and family happiness. Jennifer Chalmers comments that The topic of creating and sustaining the feeling of love was  neer discussed in any of the marriage-related workshops that I attended, but the issues discussed were not intended to protagonist couples create the feeling of love (Chalmers, 2006).The author gives special detailed brinytenance to the unvoicedy which can follow elderly couples, but she underlines that love ca n be recreated in order to save marriage. In this case, love comes from overcoming the parapet by sharing feelings and comforts. Also, when love disappears, people still bond to all(prenominal) other leaving no space for anger and despair (Wilding, 2003). break up is the institution, the custom, which enables private life to adjust to the pressures of the market, and divorce is the ideal dissolvent for pre-arranged couples without love (Knapp, Stearns, 1993). On the hand, there is little research which could help to demo that love actually produce real, live marriages among the poor. Romantic love is the main power which forces people to have a family and give birth. To give birth and to become a parent is a natural wish of well-nigh every person. For this reason, a male or female chooses a hearty and strong, beautiful and successful person for reproduction. It is an instruct feeling to choose a partner, but it causes falling in love.Every person wants to have good children, a nd for this reason he/she chooses a special person. Bonding comes with the shared exertion afterward, in which people learn about each other finished co-operation. Trust emerges not just with sex, but also with shared occupation through which people bond by learning to trust each other. Romantic love is a good basis for marriage because it supports an instinct(predicate) or desire to give birth. It is based on the evolutionary success of pair bonding as a reproductive strategy. This cause is closely affiliated with sexual attractiveness, but it has different stimuli (Sternberg, Barnes, 1989). Love as care does not refer to an emotion or a state of mind so much as to a human faculty of identification with others, benevolence with all beings.Also, love is a basis for intimate relations and sexuality. undermentioned OSullivan love enhances our well-being, improves the quality of our lives, and helps us to prevail over difficult times. Those living without intimate relationships are at risk (OSullivan, 2004, p. 71). In addition, for just about couples, sympathetic and compassionate relations help to overcome life grievances and troubles they face. The most appealing feature of romantic love is firm personal standards utilise to everything around people. Love is eternal value which can lead to sufferings, but it does not influence the essence of human existence.

Cigarette Oligopoly

Cig artte Oligopoly Market Chayleen Marquis Benedictine University Author business This research is being submitted on May 2, 2010, for Professor Raymond Bells MBA 611 mannikin at Benedictine University by Chayleen Marquis. The cig atomic number 18tte grocery store is unmatchable that is known to everyone. From magazine ads to constructive commercials people have been exposed to this foodstuff place starting at a young age.The constant visuals of the advertisements as fountainhead as the costless denote that occurs daily with people smoking extraneous their office, in their car, and outside the night life scene the rump commercialize has a benefit of using the uncaring advertising as a benefit to their company at no cost. The pouf grocery storeplace place is a clear example of an oligopoly market beca single-valued function it is mostly run by a few great(p) firms such as Philip Morris USA, Commonwealth Inc, Lorillard Inc and Reynolds Ameri git Inc. receivable to the incident that an oligopoly market is hard to not sole(prenominal) come into nevertheless also basically giveled by these large firms any refreshed contention is press release to have a difficult time entering this market, being profitable in comparison to these firms and really having any type of phrase in the price or the output. A benefit of being an oligopoly is the fact that the prices are not determined for them barely the larger firms more than or less make the prices in reflection of the coordination amongst each another(prenominal).Essentially the large firms come together and decide what price they would like to see and hence all of the cigarettes cost the same amount across the board. Of course one concern that oligopolys must make sure that they are not be involved with is price fixing. Price fixing is when the competitors of a market fix the yield price to avoid disceptation within their market, ro single-valued functionarm at the same time not be ing fair to the consumers of the product in regards to the price.The price fixing does not forever happen betwixt the competitors but it also green goddess be a factor between manufacturers and distributors. So as an oligopoly the firms must ensure that the price fixing is not occurring at any levels of their production. Most people look at an oligopoly market and think that they act as a monopoly because the main firms completely control the market. However in an oligopoly the main firms each have a stately product brand that sets them apart from their competitor change surface f it is in the smallest difference. These brands allow each firm to stake claim on consumers in a memorable way to keep consumers access back for more. In reference to the cigarette oligopoly most consumers have smoke Marlboros from the beginning of their smoking career and have never strayed from the product that they know. In an oligopoly market if one firm drips their prices another firm is more l ikely to drop their prices as well to not only stay competitive but to also retain their market share.However if a firm were to growth their prices the other competing firm will not like raise their prices seemingly to effort and maintain as well as try to emergence their market share. Price increasing is not something that occurs often in an oligopoly market which in turn makes the market inelastic in regards to price change. The use of the mealy possibleness is commonly used in oligopoly markets such as the cigarette industry. do moves in the market without fully knowing how your competitors are going to respond and knowing that if one move that is made can definitely benefit all firms is a tough task to attempt. Making a decision that could help out the companies is not always going to be perceived by the other companies and can back fire on the company who makes the initial decision which in turn would have them more than likely with a net loss. In the cigarette oligopoly market I see advancement as a game theory used between the competing firms.Many different events are held and it seems that the cigarette firms are there to give away free samples of their new products, free t-shirts and of course creating a bond with the consumer which makes them stay a loyal customer and even gets some consumers to switch products. An example would be from Camel cigarettes to Marlboro cigarettes. As mentioned before advertisement is something that drives the cigarette oligopoly. With the promotions being such a market to get more and more people daily to advertise freely for the company cigarette firms use every opportunity to do so.Primarily during these promotion extents the cigarette companies will use the foot traffic to do the free advertising for them. This is an extremely smart move because in reality who does not command a free t-shirt. The competing firms do not know when competition is always having a promotion such as the ones mentioned above and co uld see a decrease in sales during a competitors promotion or even right after one. Another example of the game theory used in the cigarette oligopoly market is when purchasing a regular firm product giving out a free ull size sample of a new product to get consumers to try it, which then leads to the consumer not having to purchase their product for a longer period of time. In the cigarette industry I believe that profit has been maximized. in that respect are not a lot of changes that can keep occurring in this industry that can great greater profits than the ones occurring right now. in that location is only so much change that the cigarette market can endure and change that I believe the market has no new product line to go to.The cigarette market is such an complicated market with a product that has been sold the same way for historic period and years people dont want it to change. The only profit the cigarette industry is going to see is when prices rise easy due to infla tion. Other than taxes being enforced by states and the federal judicature the price for a pack of cigarettes is not going to change drastically by any firm in caution of losing its market share.The competition in the cigarette market is beneficial to the consumers because of the promotions they provide with all of the free merchandise. Unlike other oligopolies the cigarette market is not elastic so price changes that would occur in other oligopoly markets that affect the consumer dont not occur in the cigarette market. Competition in other oligopoly markets can directly negatively affect the consumer but because the cigarette market is a market that change rarely happens, prices are the same regardless the brand the competition is a benefit.In conclusion the cigarette market oligopoly market is a pretty stable very profitable market that has turn up to stand the test of time, anti-smokers protests and even recessions. This market has a proven track record and has no intent to go anywhere. With the ability to use consumers for free advertising this market has saved money in the merchandise department which usually helps fight law suits but still keeps its consumers coming back for more each week.The amount for a pack of cigarettes straightaway is between four and five dollars and for the amount of smokers that casually smoke to the habituated smokers who go through a pack a day the cigarette market is not going anywhere and profits they are sightedness are simply astounding. References Thomas, C. R. , &038 Maurice, S. C. (2008). Managerial Economics (9th ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Market Information-Philip Morris USA. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http//www. pmusa. com/ed/ cms/Company/Market_Information/default. aspx

An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’

Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa racism in Conrads fancy of Darkness Massach accustomtts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in p artiality of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, land and Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough, capital of the United Kingdom W. W Norton and Co. , 1988, pp. 251-261 In the f al matchless of 1974 I was walkway matchless day from the English Depart detentiont at the University of Massachusetts to a parking lot. It was a fine autumn morning such as encouraged fri extirpateliness to expiration strangers. Brisk youngsters were hurrying in exclusively betions, troopsy of them overtly freshmen in their commencement flush of enthusiasm.An older human sledding the same way as I turned and remarked to me how really young they came these days. I agreed. Then he asked me if I was a disciple likewise. I said no, I was a teacher. What did I teach? African literature. Now that was funny, he said, because he knew a fellow who taught the same thing, o r perhaps it was African trading floor, in a certain Community College non off the beaten track(predicate) from here. It always surprised him, he went on to avow, because he neer had persuasion of Africa as having that bod of stuff, you k directly. By this time I was walking to a greater extent faster. Oh well, I heard him say last, be posterior me I scheme I pass to take your course to find divulge. A some weeks later I received two genuinely touching letter from high school children in Yonkers, untried York, who &8212 bless their teacher &8212 had good read Things Fall Apart . One of them was specially happy to get to the highest degree the customs and superstitions of an African tribe. I propose to draw from these kind of trivial encounters rather tough conclusions which at first sight strength seem somewhat verboten of proportion to them. alone and, I hope, at first sight.The young fellow from Yonkers, perhaps partly on narration of his age that I consider also for much deeper and much serious reasons, is obviously unaw atomic number 18 that the life of his own tribesmen in Yonkers, New York, is full of odd customs and superstitions and, want e rattlingbody else in his culture, imagines that he inevitably a trip to Africa to encounter those things. The a nonher(prenominal) person being fully my own age could non be exc apply on the yard of his years. Ignorance major power be a to a greater extent than(prenominal) likely reason exactly here again I view that something more go outful than a mere lack of information was at lop.For did non that erudite British historian and Regius Professor at Oxford, Hugh Trevor Roper, also pronounce that African history did non exist? If thither is something in these utterances more than youthful inexperience, more than a lack of concomitantual k at a timeledge, what is it? Quite simply it is the desire &8212 one index indeed say the accept &8212 in western sandwich psycholo gy to set Africa up as a foil to atomic number 63, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in semblance with which atomic number 63s own state of spiritual dramatize give be manifest.This need is non new which should relieve us all of considerable office and perhaps set just about us even willing to realize at this phenomenon dispassionately. I heavyfound neither the wish nor the competence to em checkk on the exercise with the tools of the social and biological sciences but more simply in the manner of a novelist responding to one famous book of European illustration Joseph Conrads ticker of Darkness , which die than all former(a) work that I know displays that westwardern desire and need which I take in average referred to.Of course there be whole libraries of books devoted to the same declare oneself but close of them are so obvious and so unsmooth that few flock worry more or less them today. Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story itemizeer into the bargain. His contribution therefore falls automatically into a different tier &8212 permanent literature &8212 read and taught and constantly evaluated by serious academics. Heart of Darkness is indeed so secure today that a wind Conrad scholar has numbered it among the half-dozen sterling(prenominal) short novels in the English language. I will return to this critical opinion in due course because it whitethorn seriously modify my earlier suppositions just about(predicate) who may or may not be guilty in some of the matters I will now raise. Heart of Darkness projects the doubling of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where mans vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant beastiality. The book opens on the River Thames, tranquil, resting, peacefully at the origin of day after(prenominal) ages of good service done t o the race that people its banks. and the actual story will take place on the River congou tea, the very antithesis of the Thames. The River Congo is rather decidedly not a River Emeritus. It has rendered no service and enjoys no old-age pension. We are told that Going up that river was like travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world. Is Conrad saying consequently that these two rivers are very different, one good, the other bad? Yes, but that is not the real pose. It is not the differentness that worries Conrad but the lurking hint of kinship, of common ancestry. For the Thames too has been one of the dark places of the earth. It conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in day swinging and at peace. that if it were to visit its primordial relative, the Congo, it would brave the monstrous risk of hearing grotesque echoes of its own forgotten darkness, and go victim to an avenging recrudescence of the take heedless frenzy of the first beginnings. These extractive echoes comprise Conrads celebrated evocation of the African atmosphere in Heart of Darkness . In the final consideration his method amounts to no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repeating of two antithetical sentences, one about silence and the other about frenzy.We can inspect samples of this on pages 36 and 37 of the present commentary a) it was the quiesceness of an implacable force brooding everyplace an inscrutable function and b) The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a calamitous and incomprehensible frenzy. Of course there is a judicious change of adjectival from time to time, so that instead of inscrutable, for example, you might commit unspeakable, even vaporous mysterious, etc. , etc. The eagle-eyed English critic F. R. Leavis drew financial aid long ago to Conrads adjectival military press upon inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery. That insistence must not be dismissed lightly, as many Conrad critics have tended to do , as a mere stylistic flaw for it raises serious top dogs of chaste good faith. When a writer while pretending to record scenes, incidents and their involve is in reality engaged in inducing hypnotic obtuseness in his readers through a bombardment of emotive watchwords and other forms of trickery much more has to be at stake than stylistic felicity. Generally linguistic rule readers are well armed to detect and refuse such under-hand activity.But Conrad chose his subject well &8212 one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with the psychological predisposition of his readers or raise the need for him to get it on with their resistance. He chose the role of purveyor of fostering myths. The al approximately interesting and bring out passages in Heart of Darkness are, however, about people. I must crave the indulging of my reader to quote almost a whole page from about the middle of the stop/when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the Congo encounte r the denizens of Africa. We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.We could have fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance, to be subdued at the price of profound anguish and of excessive toil. But suddenly as we struggled number a bend there would be a glimpse of iron boot walls, of peaked grass-roofs, a burst of yells, a whirl of dull limbs, a mass of hands clapping, of feet stamping, of bodies swaying, of eyes rolling under the droop of heavy and motionless foliage. The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us &8212 who could tell?We were cut off from the comprehension of our surroundings we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be forward an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. We could not understand because we were too far and could not rem ember, because we were traveling in the night of first ages, of those ages that are gone, leaving hardly a sign &8212 and no memories. The earth seemed uncanny. We are wedded to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there &8212 there you could look at a thing monstrous and free. It was un terrene and the men were . No they were not inhuman.Well, you know that was the worst of it &8212 this suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped and spun and do horrid faces, but what excite you, was just the thought of their humanity &8212 like yours &8212 the thought of your remote kinship with this bats and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough, but if you were man enough you would harbour to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a essence in it which you &8212 you so remote from the night of first ages &8212 co uld comprehend.Herein lies the meaning of Heart of Darkness and the fascination it holds over the air jacketern mind What excite you was just the thought of their humanity &8212 like yours . Ugly. Having shown us Africa in the mass, Conrad hence zeros in, half a page later, on a specific example, broad us one of his rare descriptions of an African who is not just limbs or rolling eyes And surrounded by whiles I had to look after the barbarous who was fireman. He was an im be specimen he could fire up a vertical boiler.He was there below me and, upon my word, to look at him was as learn as seeing a click in a spoof of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam-gauge and at the water-gauge with an evident effort of intrepidity &8212 and he had filed his dentition too, the poor d devilish, and the wool of his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three decorative scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge.As everybody knows, Conrad is a romantic on the side. He might not exactly admire savages clapping their hands and stamping their feet but they have at least the merit of being in their place, unlike this dog in a parody of breeches. For Conrad things being in their place is of the effect importance. Fine fellows &8212 cannibals in their place, he tells us accuseedly. Tragedy begins when things leave their accustomed place, like Europe leaving its safe stronghold between the officer and the baker to like a peep into the fondness of darkness.Before the story likes us into the Congo basin proper we are given this nice superficial vignette as an example of things in their place Now and then a boat from the shore gave one a momentary attain with reality. It was paddled by black fellows. You could s ee from afar the white of their eyeballs glistening. They shouted, sang their bodies streamed with swither they had faces like grotesque masks &8212 these chaps but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense get-up-and-go of movement that was as natural and hue as the surf along their coast.They wanted no excuse for being there. They were a great comfort to look at. Towards the end of the story Conrad lavishes a whole page quite unexpectedly on an African woman who has obviously been some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz and now presides (if I may be permitted a subatomic liberty) like a formidable mystery over the inexorable imminency of his departure She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent . She stood looking at us without a stir and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose.This Amazon is drawn in considerable detail, albeit of a predictable nature, for two reasons. First, she is in her place and so can win Conrads surpl us brand of approval and second, she fulfills a structural requirement of the story a savage counterpart to the refined, European woman who will step onwards to end the story She came forward all in black with a pale head, floating toward me in the dusk. She was in mourning . She took both my hands in hers and murmured, I had heard you were coming. She had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering.The dispute in the attitude of the novelist to these two women is conveyed in too many direct and subfile ways to need elaboration. But perhaps the most significant struggle is the one implied in the authors bestowal of human expression to the one and the refuse of it from the other. It is clearly not part of Conrads purpose to confer language on the rudimentary souls of Africa. In place of speech they made a knockdown-dragout babble of uncouth sounds. They exchanged short grunting phrases even among themselves. But most of the time they were too busy with their fren zy.There are two occasions in the book, however, when Conrad departs somewhat from his exercise and confers speech, even English speech, on the savages. The first occurs when cannibalism gets the better of them Catch im, he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth &8212 catch im. Give im to us. To you, eh? I asked what would you do with them? Eat im he said curtly. . . . The other occasion was the famous annunciationMistah Kurtz &8212 he dead. At first sight these instances might be infatuated for unexpected acts of generosity from Conrad.In reality they constitute some of his best assaults. In the case of the cannibals the incomprehensible grunts that had thus far served them for speech suddenly proved wretched for Conrads purpose of letting the European glimpse the unspeakable proneness in their center fields. Weighing the necessity for consistency in the portrayal of the dumb brutes against the sensational advantages of securing their conv iction by clear, unambiguous evidence issuing out of their own mouth Conrad chose the latter. As for the announcement of Mr.Kurtzs remainder by the flash black head in the doorway what better or more appropriate finis could be written to the horror story of that wilful child of civilization who willfully had given his soul to the powers of darkness and taken a high seat amongst the devils of the land than the proclamation of his physical death by the forces he had joined? It might be contended, of course, that the attitude to the African in Heart of Darkness is not Conrads but that of his fictional narrator, Marlow, and that far from endorsing it Conrad might indeed be holding it up to irony and criticism.Certainly Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the chaste universe of his history. He has, for example, a narrator behind a narrator. The primary quill narrator is Marlow but his delineate is given to us through the perk of a second, shadowy person. But if Conrads intention is to draw a cordon sanitaire between himself and the moral and psychological malaise of his narrator his care seems to me totally insensible because he neglects to hint however subtly or tentatively at an alternative frame of reference by which we may judge the actions and opinions of his characters.It would not have been beyond Conrads power to make that provision if he had thought it necessary. Marlow seems to me to enjoy Conrads complete confidence &8212 a feeling reinforced by the close similarities between their two careers. Marlow comes through to us not only as a witness of truth, but one holding those go on and humane views appropriate to the English liberal tradition which required all Englishmen of decency to be deeply shocked by atrocities in Bulgaria or the Congo of King Leopold of the Belgians or wherever.Thus Marlow is able to toss out such bleeding-heart sentiments as these They were dying slowly &8212 it w as very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the justness of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on strange food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest.The kind of liberalism espoused here by Marlow/Conrad affected all the best minds of the age in England, Europe and America. It took different forms in the minds of different people but almost always managed to sidestep the ultimate question of equality between white people and black people. That ridiculous missionary, Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes the ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says The African is indeed my companion but my junior brother. And so he proceeded to build a infirmary appropriate to the demand of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the germ theory of disease came into being. of course he became a sensation in Europe and America. Pilgrims flocked, and I believe still flock even after he has passed on, to witness the besidesional miracle in Lamberene, on the edge of the primeval forest. Conrads liberalism would not take him quite as far as Schweitzers, though. He would not use the word brother however qualified the farthest he would go was kinship.When Marlows African helmsman falls down with a spear in his heart he gives his white master one final disquieting look. And the imply profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt ashes to this day in my memory &8212 like a lease of strange kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. It is important to keep an eye on that Conrad, careful as ever with hi s words, is concerned not so much about distant kinship as about someone displace a claim on it. The black man lays a claim on the white man which is well-nigh intolerable. It is the laying of this claim which frightens and at the same time fascinates Conrad, he thought of their humanity &8212 like yours . Ugly. The point of my observations should be quite clear by now, namely that Joseph Conrad was a fundamental racist. That this simple truth is glossed over in criticisms of his work is due to the fact that white racism against Africa is such a normal way of mentation that its manifestations go completely unremarked. Students of Heart of Darkness will often tell you that Conrad is concerned not so much with Africa as with the deterioration of one European mind caused by solitude and sickness.They will point out to you that Conrad is, if anything, less charitable to the Europeans in the story than he is to the natives, that the point of the story is to ridicule Europes civilizi ng mission in Africa. A Conrad student informed me in Scotland that Africa is merely a setting for the disintegration of the mind of Mr. Kurtz. Which is partly the point. Africa as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into which the wandering European enters at his peril.Can nobody see the preposterous and perverse arrogance in thus reducing Africa to the role of props for the break-up of one petty European mind? But that is not even the point. The real question is the dehumanization of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to foster in the world. And the question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art. My outcome is No, it cannot. I do not doubt Conrads great talents.Even Heart of Darkness has its memorably good passages and moments The reac hes opened before us and unsympathetic behind, as if the forest had stepped leisurely across tile water to bar the way for our return. Its exploration of the minds of the European characters is often penetrating and full of insight. But all that has been more than fully discussed in the last fifty years. His obvious racism has, however, not been addressed. And it is high time it was Conrad was born in 1857, the very year in which the first Anglican missionaries were arriving among my own people in Nigeria.It was certainly not his fault that he get it ond his life at a time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level. But even after due allowances have been made for all the influences of contemporary prejudice on his sensibility there ashes still in Conrads attitude a residue of antipathy to black people which his shady psychology alone can explain. His own account of his first encounter with a black man is very revealing A certain enormous buck nigga en countered in Haiti fix my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days.Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards. Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. sometimes his fixation on blackness is equally interesting as when he gives us this brief description A black figure stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms. . . . as though we might expect a black figure striding along on black legs to wave white arms But so mordant is Conrads obsession. As a matter of interest Conrad gives us in A Personal Record what amounts to a companion piece to the buck nigger of Haiti.At the age of sixteen Conrad encountered his first Englishman in Europe. He calls him my unforgettable Englishman and describes him in the following manner (his) calves exposed to the public gaze . . . dazzled the observer by the splendor of their marbl e-like condition and their rich tone of young ivory. . . . The light of a headlong, exalted satisfaction with the world of men. . . illumined his face. . . and triumphant eyes. In passing he cast a gaze of kindly curiosity and a friendly gleam of big, sound, shiny teeth. . . his white calves twinkled sturdily. Irrational love and stupid hate jostling together in the heart of that talented, tormented man. But whereas irrational love may at worst engender nonsensical acts of indiscretion, irrational hate can endanger the life of the community. Naturally Conrad is a dream for psychoanalytic critics. Perhaps the most detailed study of him in this direction is by Bernard C. Meyer, M. D. In his lengthy book Dr. Meyer follows every presumable lead (and sometimes inconceivable ones) to explain Conrad. As an example he gives us long disquisitions on the significance of hair and hair-cutting in Conrad.And however not even one word is spared for his attitude to black people. not even the discussion of Conrads antisemitism was enough to spark off in Dr. Meyers mind those other dark and explosive thoughts. Which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must regard the kind of racism displayed by Conrad absolutely normal despite the profoundly important work done by Frantz Fanon in the psychiatric hospitals of French Algeria. Whatever Conrads problems were, you might say he is now safely dead. Quite true. Unfortunately his heart of darkness hassles us still.Which is why an offensive and deplorable book can be described by a serious scholar as among the half dozen great short novels in the English language. And why it is today the most commonly prescribed novel in ordinal-century literature courses in English Departments of American universities. There are two probable grounds on which what I have aid so far may be contested. The first is that it is no concern of fiction to please people about whom it is written. I will go along with that. But I am no t talking about pleasing people.I am talking about a book which parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices and insults from which a atom of mankind has suffered untold agonies and atrocities in the past and continues to do so in many ways and many places today. I am talking about a story in which the very humanity of black people is called in question. Secondly, I may be challenged on the grounds of actuality. Conrad, after all, did sail down the Congo in 1890 when my own father was still a babe in arms. How could I stand up more than fifty years after his death and purport to contradict him?My answer is that as a sensible man I will not accept just any travelers tales solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself. I will not trust the evidence even off mans very eyes when I suspect them to be as jaundiced as Conrads. And we also risk to know that Conrad was, in the words of his biographer, Bernard C. Meyer, notoriously inaccurate in the rendering of his own his tory. But more important by far is the extensive testimony about Conrads savages which we could gather if we were so inclined from other sources and which might lead us to think that these people must have had other occupations besides erging into the evil forest or materializing out of it simply to plague Marlow and his dispirited band. For as it happened, soon after Conrad had written his book an casing of far greater consequence was taking place in the art world of Europe. This is how Frank Willett, a British art historian, describes it Gaugin had gone to Tahiti, the most extravagant individual act of turning to a non-European culture in the decades immediately before and after 1900, when European artists were avid for new fine experiences, but it was only about 1904-5 that African art began to make its distinctive impact.One piece is still identifiable it is a mask that had been given to Maurice Vlaminck in 1905. He records that Derain was speechless and stunned when he saw it, bought it from Vlaminck and in turn showed it to Picasso and Matisse, who were also greatly affected by it. Ambroise Vollard then borrowed it and had it cast in bronze. . . The revolution of twentieth century art was under way The mask in question was made by other savages living just north of Conrads River Congo. They have a name too the Fang people, and are without a doubt among the worlds greatest masters of the sculptured form.The event Frank Willett is referring to marks the beginning of cubism and the excerption of new life into European art, which had run completely out of strength. The point of all this is to suggest that Conrads picture of the people of the Congo seems grossly inadequate even at the height of their subjection to the ravages of King Leopolds lnternational Association for the culture of Central Africa. Travelers with closed minds can tell us little except about themselves. But even those not blinkered, like Conrad with xenophobia, can be astonishing bl ind.Let me digress a little here. One of the greatest and most intrepid travelers of all time, Marco Polo, journeyed to the Far East from the Mediterranean in the 13th century and spent twenty years in the court of Kublai caravan inn in mainland China. On his return to Venice he set down in his book entitled Description of the World his impressions of the peoples and places and customs he had seen. But there were at least two extraordinary omissions in his account. He said nothing about the art of printing, unknown as to that degree in Europe but in full flower in China.He either did not notice it at all or if he did, failed to see what use Europe could possibly have for it. Whatever the reason, Europe had to wait another hundred years for Gutenberg. But even more spectacular was Marco Polos omission of any reference to the enceinte Wall of China nearly 4,000 miles long and already more than 1,000 years old at the time of his visit. Again, he may not have seen it but the Great W all of China is the only structure built by man which is visible from the moon Indeed travelers can be blind. As I said earlier Conrad did not originate the image of Africa which we find in his book.It was and is the dominant image of Africa in the Western imagination and Conrad merely brought the peculiar gifts of his own mind to bear on it. For reasons which can certainly use close psychological inquiry the West seems to suffer deep anxieties about the precariousness of its civilization and to have a need for constant reassurance by comparison with Africa. If Europe, advancing in civilization, could cast a backward glance periodically at Africa trapped in primordial barbarity it could say with faith and feeling There go I but for the grace of God.Africa is to Europe as the picture is to Dorian Gray &8212 a mailman onto whom the master unloads his physical and moral deformities so that he may go forward, erect and immaculate. Consequently Africa is something to be avoided just as the picture has to be hidden away to safeguard the mans jeopardous integrity. Keep away from Africa, or else Mr. Kurtz of Heart of Darkness should have heeded that warning and the prowling horror in his heart would have kept its place, chained to its lair. But he foolishly exposed himself to the wild irresistible allure of the jungle and lo he darkness found him out. In my original conception of this essay I had thought to conclude it nicely on an appropriately positive note in which I would suggest from my privileged position in African and Western cultures some advantages the West might derive from Africa once it rid its mind of old prejudices and began to look at Africa not through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications but quite simply as a continent of people &8212 not angels, but not rudimentary souls either &8212 just people, often highly gifted people and often strikingly successful in their try with life and society.But as I thought more about the sort image, abou t its grip and pervasiveness, about the willful tenacity with which the West holds it to its heart when I thought of the Wests television and cinema and newspapers, about books read in its schools and out of school, of churches preaching to empty pews about the need to send attention to the heathen in Africa, I realized that no easy optimism was possible. And there was, in any case, something totally wrong in offering bribes to the West in return for its good opinion of Africa. Ultimately the abandonment of unwholesome thoughts must be its own and only reward.Although I have used the word willful a few times here to dispose the Wests view of Africa, it may well be that what is happening at this gunpoint is more akin to physiological reaction action than calculated malice. Which does not make the situation more but less hopeful. The Christian Science Monitor, a paper more enlightened than most, once carried an interesting condition written by its Education Editor on the serious psychological and encyclopedism problems faced by little children who speak one language at home and then go to school where something else is spoken.It was a wide-ranging article taking in Spanish-speaking children in America, the children of migrant Italian workers in Germany, the quadrilingual phenomenon in Malaysia, and so on. And all this while the article speaks unequivocally about language. But then out of the blue sky comes this In London there is an enormous immigration of children who speak Indian or Nigerian dialects, or some other native language. I believe that the entrance of dialects which is technically erroneous in the context is almost a reflex action caused by an instinctive desire of the writer to downgrade the discussion to the level of Africa and India.And this is quite comparable to Conrads withholding of language from his rudimentary souls. spoken language is too grand for these chaps lets give them dialects In all this business a lot of violence is inevi tably done not only to the image of despised peoples but even to words, the very tools of possible redress. Look at the phrase native language in the Science Monitor excerpt. sure as shooting the only native language possible in London is cockney English. But our writer means something else &8212 something appropriate to the sounds Indians and Africans makeAlthough the work of redressing which needs to be done may appear too daunting, I believe it is not one day too soon to begin. Conrad saw and condemned the evil of imperial exploitation but was strangely unaware of the racism on which it sharpened its iron tooth. But the victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the inhumanity it makes them heir to have always known better than any casual visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.

Labor Practices Paper †Sweatshops Essay

Bridget PeacoIn several countries across the world, individuals atomic foldepression 18 being misused and ill-use on a regular basis by sweatshops and the people that array them. A sweatshop is a word used to define an operating atmosphere, in general factories producing textile products that are considered hazardous because of poor operating environments. It has been discovered that employees that live on at sweatshops often experience metal, physical, and sexual abuse, they work extensively enormous hours with being unable to leave, without health care benefits trance earning inadequate wages. These sweatshops are also found to employ women and children, as they are easier to manipulate. This ethical resign over sweatshops is a perplexing and long going corporate debt instrument topic, among the business world. Corporations are confronted with the ethical trouble of obtaining the lowest prices from sellers so they behind provide low-priced goods to their consumers while withstanding ethical standards and maintaining a great prevalent image. Is it ethical for businesses to benefit from employees that work in hazardous and undesirable conditions for forgetful pay and long hours? It is of my conviction that corporations should not merely prioritize the number of their profits but also acquire a responsibility to benevolence to perform in a favorablely responsible manner.Corporate social responsibility processes can be favorable to the brand image of a corporation so being socially responsible does not have to work against the businesss commitment to its shareholders by changing a triple bottom line and contemplating the corporations economic, social, and environmental impact, an organization could successfully generate social benefits but it could also boost the guilds public persona. Organizations can change how they do business while still performing well with planning and some proper actions base on ethically made decisions. Mistreatment a nd neglect in sweatshops is a problem that has to be addressed. There has to be a balancing act, a federal agency to better the environments for workers in clothing factories, in underdeveloped countries while maintaining low costs adequately enough that companies will continue to send jobs there, the superior resolution could be unearthed.

United States Declaration of Independence and People

PLS201 Reading Notes 1 Concepts of Politics and Ameri fuck Politics STUDY Lecture Notes 1, and We the People, chapter 1 Be informative, rigorous, critical. Provide specific, page-indicated references to the text. NOTE1A 15 lines.In chapter one of We the People the authors address the question of how political sympathies is made up of the institutions and procedures by which tribe ar ruled in terms of quartet propositions 1) Different forms of government be defined by power and freedom 2) Limits on government encourage freedom 3) Expansion of participation in America changed the political balance 4) The goal of politics is having a affirm in what happens. Organize your paragraph into four or five sentences identifying the chief(prenominal) characteristics of these concepts, as established by the authors.The authors present a concept where the occur of power the government holds and how much freedom people have defines assorted forms of government. When comparing a Monarchy v ersus a Democracy, we can clearly see the differences indoors the two forms of government. Within a Monarchy, supreme power is bestowed upon one exclusive whereas Democracy is based on a principle of equivalence and freedom. The limitations rigid upon the government allow the people to have a voice in politics while streng and thening the principle above.This balance of power gives the people the ability to voice their opinions. Rather than being an other(a) person in spite of appearance a society, Americans are citizens who can influence the government in many ways. This expansion of participation lead to more people having legal rights to come in in politics where they can vote, send letters, lobby, and participate in remonstration marches and demonstrations. All of this ties back to how American Democracy, unlike many other forms of government, aims to give people a voice while developing the signification behind we the people. NOTE1B 10 lines. In this same chapter one, t he following section examines how the individualism of Americans has changed over time, the impact of diversity and race, but in the end, the authors observe, the country unperturbed confronts the question of who are the Americans. Explain, please, what is this more or less, what is at stake, how do the authors explain it. Even though the American government focuses on the principle of equating and freedom and large-minded people a voice within this government, they still stumble on a simple question of who are the Americans and what defines them.The government faces a never-ending flow of immigrants and increasing ambiguity of racial categories raising challenging questions about politics and governing arrangements. Population growth has similarly spurred debates on how congressional districts should be apportioned. The paradox of the American identity is that although America is a dissolve pot of different traditions, ethnic backgrounds, and ideology, there are neverthele ss characteristic qualities that define who Americans are. The diversity of citizens created what America became, a country developed from the reports of comparability and freedom. NOTE1C 15 lines.Concluding chapter one, the authors make an interesting declaration, that America is built on the ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy. They then discuss it in terms of four propositions 1) that liberty means freedom, 2) that equality means treating people fairly, 3) democracy means that what the people want matters, 4) that American political values conflict. Okay, now, read it and summarize the main of these concepts, about 3-line each. Life, liberty, and the seeking of happiness, in the Declaration of Independence exemplifies the inalienable rights which is based on the idea that all men are created equal.For Americans, liberty is freedom from government control, and likewise economic freedom. Going back to the idea of limited powers within government to allow freedom, the pe ople have the right to alter or prohibit the government to institute a new one for their safety and happiness. When sentiment in terms of equality, it can be interpreted in different ways. Equality of opportunity allows the people to reach their fullest potential and political equality refers to the right to participate in politics where every person can vote.In addition to this, political authority rests in the hands of the people, also know as popular sovereignty. The idea of mass rule with minority rights also plays a key role within the government because it allows for the preference of the majority of voters but still protects the interests of the minority. (21) Conflict helps set policies and laws because it considers both sides of any line of work and prevents any discrimination against the disabled, elderly, etc. A NOTE ON FORMATThis is a 1- to 2-page, typewritten, single-spaced, font 12 reading note. Write your note where it says text and tally to the indicated lines, etc. Your note essential reflect you have read and are referring in your writing to the study materials established for this course unit. All references must be credited by indicating the page number in parenthesis. curve your text before signing it. Once you are sure you are done with the assignment, check that your name and date are written above, print it, and bring it to class as scheduled.

Being there

Jerzy Kosinskis being There is the story of disaster Gardener, a humanity with limited genial and well-disposed potential, yet raised by his purlieu to the level of fame. Referred to as a blank page person, he is, at the same time, seen by his immediate environment as quite a personality mainly because of his exterior qualities he has a beautiful vowelize, is manly and well-groomed. Not however the Manhattan beau monde, in which run across visualises himself after world hit by a car knows nothing nigh Gardiners past the proofreader is also faced with the same puzzle.The opening chapter provides but some information about the protagonists enclosed action in the overaged Mans house, his passion for gardening and his animation reality, which is entirely formed by the pictures seen on television. We get to know that the Old Man sheltered Chance as a baby when his arrest died, that his name is Chance because he was born by chance, that due to his mental disability inher ited from his mother he could neither read nor write. The b atomic number 18ly people that Chance initially communicates with are the Old Man, who horizontaltually dies, and the maidservant Louise.Louise is soon forced to return to Jamaica due to an illness and a youthful maid comes to substitute her. Chance the Gardener seems to lead a jolly life while watching TV or working in the garden the only activities that form his view of reality at the bombardment of the narration. However, when the Old Man dies he is forced to leave the house as no give is left by the deceased and no take d take of Chance as either a resident or employee raise be found in the Old Mans documents. It rest a riddle for both the lawyer who comes to handle the estate and the reader why Chance was left out of the records.For all that, this riddle appears to serve well as a good tool for creating suspense in the delineate of the heros changed life style after the accident. With no social and family connections whatsoever Gardiner becomes the center of attention among the educated high class fellowship of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Rand. He soon meets the US President and a lean of political and corporate figures, and becomes a strong candidate for one of the idle seats on the board of the First American Financial corp (35).The developments that follow appear hilarious as none of the persons Gardiner gets acquainted with is sensitive of his physical disabilities. Two aspects that save his positive image are his touch in television and love for gardening. The first helps him think of proper slipway to behave in social situations and the latter is a basis for the only factual knowledge he can refer to when participating in discussions about American economy. For instance, when engaging in conversations with Mrs. Rand Chance resorted to repeating to her move of her own sentences, a practice he had observed on TV.In this counterfeit he encouraged her to continue and elaborate (2 4). Also, during a meal Chance ignored the wine because On TV, wine put people in a state they could not control (26). Later, when invited to participate in a TV show, Gardiner could experience the making of a program personally Chance was astonished that television could portray itself cameras watched themselves (37). Similarly, his story about seasons and growth in the garden during his meeting with the President led to his being recognized as an expert in the field of economics.Towards the end of the novel the suspense is even greater when the President keeps demanding that his administration provides him with background information about Chance. However, they are unable to find out anything substantial. Mass media is also concerned about the lack of such information. However, Chances future looks positive curiously with the death of Benjamin Rand. Mrs. Rand is very much in love with Gardiner and sincerely yours hopes he will stay with her after her husbands death. Gardiner app ears to also have acquired a certain image in the public eye, which will not be easily shattered in case politicians find out who he really is.On numerous occasions Gardiner was very unequivocal about his disabilities to write and read, but the public interpreted it in its own way, the wishful thinking way. The latter is, ultimately, the problem of the public and the American society in its wider implications that interpreted Gardiners words the way it wished to. Works Cited Kosinski, Jerzy. Being There Groningen Wolters-Noordhoff, 1996 Brothers Judd Daily. Ed. 23 Sep. 2000 < htttp//www. brothersjudd. com /index. cfm/fuseaction/reviews. detail/book_id/294/Being%20There. htm>